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Chapter 12: The Circulatory System
Chapter 12: The Circulatory System

... * Blood from the left ventricle is then directed into aorta by aortic valve (open during ventricular systole). The mitral valve is close at this time so that left atrium may collect blood from pulmonary veins. * The aorta has three parts: Ascending part, Arch, and Descending part. * The ascending pa ...
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Heart Attack - Coffee Regional Medical Center
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A1987L059000001
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Cardiac Defects: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
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How to Manage Treatment of Hypothyroidism in Patients with

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... Treatment Options If fainting episodes, VT, or severe VPCs are present, hospitalization is often needed to treat the arrhythmias with injectable medications. The more severe the arrhythmia, the higher the possibility of sudden death. Once the heart rhythm is stabilized, several different drugs or dr ...
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Antihypertensive drug



Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. Evidence suggests that reduction of the blood pressure by 5 mmHg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34%, of ischaemic heart disease by 21%, and reduce the likelihood of dementia, heart failure, and mortality from cardiovascular disease. There are many classes of antihypertensives, which lower blood pressure by different means. Among the most important and most widely used drugs are thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs), and beta blockers.Which type of medication to use initially for hypertension has been the subject of several large studies and resulting national guidelines. The fundamental goal of treatment should be the prevention of the important endpoints of hypertension, such as heart attack, stroke and heart failure. Patient age, associated clinical conditions and end-organ damage also play a part in determining dosage and type of medication administered. The several classes of antihypertensives differ in side effect profiles, ability to prevent endpoints, and cost. The choice of more expensive agents, where cheaper ones would be equally effective, may have negative impacts on national healthcare budgets. As of 2009, the best available evidence favors the thiazide diuretics as the first-line treatment of choice for high blood pressure when drugs are necessary. Although clinical evidence shows calcium channel blockers and thiazide-type diuretics are preferred first-line treatments for most people (from both efficacy and cost points of view), an ACE inhibitor is recommended by NICE in the UK for those under 55 years old.
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