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Chapter 21: Blood Vessels and Circulation
Chapter 21: Blood Vessels and Circulation

... • Pressure from heart drives blood flow in arteries, but pressure in veins often too low to oppose gravity • Compression pushes blood toward heart – Skeletal muscle movement required to “squish” blood through veins ...
Differences in left ventricular structure, functions and
Differences in left ventricular structure, functions and

... structure and functions are well known. Left ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation and LV systolic or diastolic dysfunction commonly appear as complications of HT (1). Similarly, white coat HT, nocturnal HT and masked HT have been shown as a reason for changes in cardiac structure and performance ( ...
Stroke
Stroke

... – Initial appearance of moyamoya vessels at the base of brain – Intensification of moyamoya vessels – Minimization of moyamoya vessels – Reduction of moyamoya vessels – Disappearance of the vessels ...
Suppl. Material
Suppl. Material

... The study design is shown in Figure E1. The subjects were recruited from February 2010 to March 2013 at the Respiratory Care Clinic, which is a secondary referral facility affiliated with the Nippon Medical School in Tokyo, Japan. The clinic specialises on the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmon ...
Blood Pressure: Bird`s Eye View
Blood Pressure: Bird`s Eye View

... caused by another medical problem. Most of the time, the cause is not known. Although high blood pressure usually cannot be cure, in most cases it can be prevented and controlled. High blood pressure is common as the person get older, but this is not a part of healthy aging, high blood pressure can ...
Dilated cardiomyopathy - SLR Cardiology Referrals
Dilated cardiomyopathy - SLR Cardiology Referrals

... Abnormal heart rhythms are common in DCM so an electrocardiogram (ECG) is useful in patients with DCM. A special type of rhythm (atrial fibrillation) is present in most giant breeds with DCM and other disturbances to the heart rhythm are particularly common in Dobermanns and Boxers. Blood changes in ...
diseases of the cardiovascular system
diseases of the cardiovascular system

... • LASIX (furosemide): a diuretic used to treat pulmonary edema • DILTIAZEM: a calcium channel blocker used to inhibit cardiac and vascular smooth muscle contractility; reduces blood pressure and cardiac afterload; overall improvement in diastolic function – Or Propranolol: a beta-blocker to decrease ...
The Role of the Heart in Hypertension
The Role of the Heart in Hypertension

... infrequently elevated in various types of hypertension, how far could one label as cardiogenic the many types of hyperkinetic hypertension? [ 10, 181. The question is particularly pertinent since increased cardiac action is not the only, and possibly not even the most frequent, cause of a high outpu ...
Prov Exam Q`ns C3,4,5,6,7
Prov Exam Q`ns C3,4,5,6,7

... 42. Where are the chordae tendineae found? A. in the atria B. in the ventricles C. in the coronary arteries D. in the semilunar valves 43. A person’s blood pressure reading is measured at 150/80. Which of the following is greater than normal? A. systolic pressure B. diameter of veins C. diastolic pr ...
I. Auscultatory Valve Area
I. Auscultatory Valve Area

... – SM: blowing, harsh, musical (seagull) – DM: blowing, sigh-like, rumbling. – CM: machine-like, hum ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... • Beta adrenergic – Beta-1 receptors most common in the heart, stimulation increases inotropy and chronotropy with minimal vasoconstriction – Stimulation of Beta-2 adrenergic receptors in blood vessels induces vasodilation ...
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy and Physiology

... increase force of contraction? length tension relationship: enough actin length to bind and contract. In cardiac muscle, the sarcomere is much shorter (everything squished together) and more overlapping of actin and myosin. also why with increased volume (EDV-end diastolic volume) cause increased co ...
Pharmacological treatment of ischaemic heart disease
Pharmacological treatment of ischaemic heart disease

... benzothiazepines (diltiazem) and the dihydropyridines (nifedipine, nicardipine, amlodipine, felodipine). These agents have a common mechanism of action, namely the inhibition of the influx of calcium ions into myocardial and vascular smooth muscle tissue. The vasorelaxation induced by calcium channe ...
Cong HD Patho Samia 1 of 2
Cong HD Patho Samia 1 of 2

... Compression by enlarged aorta or pulmonary artery . Upwards displacement and increase angle of bifurcation of trachea by enlarged LA . ...
Blood pressure and haemodynamics in teenagers - Heart
Blood pressure and haemodynamics in teenagers - Heart

... SUMMARY It has been suggested that a hyperkinetic circulatory state, with high cardiac output, causes high blood pressure in childhood and, secondarily, in adulthood. We studied blood pressure and cardiac output in 319 subjects aged 15 to 19. Blood pressure was measured with an automated device; car ...


... tion following Lopid administration to the male rat. An adequate study to test for peroxWARNINGS. 1. Because of chemical, pharmacological, and clinical similarities beisome proliferation has not been done in humans but changes in peroxisome morphology have been observed. Peroxisome proliferation has ...
printable factsheet
printable factsheet

... Abnormal heart rhythms are common in DCM so an electrocardiogram (ECG) is useful in patients with DCM. A special type of rhythm (atrial fibrillation) is present in most giant breeds with DCM and other disturbances to the heart rhythm are particularly common in Dobermanns and Boxers. Blood changes in ...
Respiratory Variations in Blood Pressure
Respiratory Variations in Blood Pressure

... Hospital Medical School, London, England. ...
Figure 11.2c - BradyGreatPath
Figure 11.2c - BradyGreatPath

... is picked up and carbon dioxide is dropped off by blood in the lungs  Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart through the four pulmonary veins  Blood enters the left atrium and travels through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle  From the left ventricle, blood leaves the heart via the aorti ...
Recommendations and Guidelines for Preoperative
Recommendations and Guidelines for Preoperative

... the preoperative cardiac assessment. Although I generally agree with this outline, there were a few places which may result in unnecessary preoperative noninvasive testing: 1. Under Step 6 in patients with moderate or excellent functional capacity undergoing high-risk surgical procedures. I am assum ...
Cardiovascular Effects of Carnosine
Cardiovascular Effects of Carnosine

... contraction (at high calcium) and relaxation (low calcium) in the intact heart studies. Carnosine-induced calcium release in skinned muscle cells could be explained by an activation of the RYR2 calcium release channel. The blockage of carnosine-induced calcium release in skinned muscle cells by proc ...
shock-1 - Dr. Mehdi Hasan Mumtaz
shock-1 - Dr. Mehdi Hasan Mumtaz

... Heart’s output depends on • How often it beats (heart rate) • How hard it beats (contractility) ...
Lecture 7 Vascular Distensibility
Lecture 7 Vascular Distensibility

... a. pressure in peripheral small veins in supine position is about 4 - 6 mm.Hg .> CVP or right atrial pressure 4. Effect of high right atrial pressures on peripheral venous pressure a. increase in RAP causes blood to back up in large veins and open them up b. does not increase peripheral pressure unt ...
Furosemide (F4381) - Product Information Sheet - Sigma
Furosemide (F4381) - Product Information Sheet - Sigma

... Synonyms: Frusemide, Lasix Furosemide is a potent diruetic with rapid action. It acts to inhibit electrolyte absorption in the kidney, increasing excretion of sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride ions, and enhancing water excretion. Therapeutic uses include treatments for hypertension, ...
Angina - Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine
Angina - Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine

... activity, such as coaching football practice, the patient’s heart has to contract more rapidly to supply blood to the body. This, ultimately causes the patient to experience a sensation of pain within the chest region. An angiography, which tests for blockage of the coronary arteries, confirms that ...
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Antihypertensive drug



Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. Evidence suggests that reduction of the blood pressure by 5 mmHg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34%, of ischaemic heart disease by 21%, and reduce the likelihood of dementia, heart failure, and mortality from cardiovascular disease. There are many classes of antihypertensives, which lower blood pressure by different means. Among the most important and most widely used drugs are thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs), and beta blockers.Which type of medication to use initially for hypertension has been the subject of several large studies and resulting national guidelines. The fundamental goal of treatment should be the prevention of the important endpoints of hypertension, such as heart attack, stroke and heart failure. Patient age, associated clinical conditions and end-organ damage also play a part in determining dosage and type of medication administered. The several classes of antihypertensives differ in side effect profiles, ability to prevent endpoints, and cost. The choice of more expensive agents, where cheaper ones would be equally effective, may have negative impacts on national healthcare budgets. As of 2009, the best available evidence favors the thiazide diuretics as the first-line treatment of choice for high blood pressure when drugs are necessary. Although clinical evidence shows calcium channel blockers and thiazide-type diuretics are preferred first-line treatments for most people (from both efficacy and cost points of view), an ACE inhibitor is recommended by NICE in the UK for those under 55 years old.
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