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Overview of the Cardiovascular System
Overview of the Cardiovascular System

... pumped through a valve  any backflow increases pressure on the cusps and closes the valves ...
MP 2.02.16 Non-Invasive Measurement of Left Ventricular End
MP 2.02.16 Non-Invasive Measurement of Left Ventricular End

... Evaluation of a diagnostic technology typically consists of 3 steps: 1) evaluation of the technical performance of the test; 2) determination of the correlation of the technology to the gold standard of testing (i.e., noninvasive measurement of LVEDP to the gold standard of direct measurement of LVE ...
Postpartum cerebral angiopathy (PCA)
Postpartum cerebral angiopathy (PCA)

... trials, aspirin therapy was associated with significantly reduced stroke risk in the 51,342 women studied over a mean 6.4 years of follow-up. • For clopidogrel treatment a significant interaction between treatment and sex was observed for trials of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors as women had worse outcomes ...
Physiology - Govt.Home Science College ,Chandigarh
Physiology - Govt.Home Science College ,Chandigarh

... defined blood group antigens among which the 5 antigens D, C, c, E, and e are the most important ones. The commonly used terms Rh factor, Rh positive and Rh negative refer to the D antigen only. Besides its role in blood transfusion, the Rh blood group system, in particular the strongest D antigen, ...
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)

... cardio-acceleration results from release of parasympathetic inhibition at low exercise intensities and from both parasympathetic inhibition and sympathetic activation at moderate intensities. The hand grip exercise produced significant increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in all partici ...
PDF sample
PDF sample

... collect blood from the capillary beds after emerging from the myocardium coronary sinus -where the coronary veins join and empty, made up of 3 large veins great cardiac vein -located in the anterior interventricular sulcus middle cardiac vein – located in the posterior interventricular sulcus small ...
Pathophysiology of Heart failure
Pathophysiology of Heart failure

... to alterations in preload, afterload, and contractility • It is composed of 4 phases: - filling of the ventricle - isovolumic contraction of ventricle - isotonic contraction of ventricle(ejection of blood) - isovolumic relaxation of ventricle ...
SGD 2: RHD
SGD 2: RHD

... (dyspnea and fatigue) and signs (edema and rales) that lead to frequent hospitalizations, a poor quality of life, and a shortened life expectancy ...
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... The β-adrenergic blockade combined with prolonged action potential duration may be of special efficacy in prevention of ...
Zadnipryany I.V., Sataieva T.P. Morphological and functional
Zadnipryany I.V., Sataieva T.P. Morphological and functional

... energy supply, which helps to maintain normal cardiac contractility. Research and application of new drugs in cardiology practice that can enhance the effectiveness of treatment of patients with myocardial infarction are highly relevant. Promising in this aspect is the Liposomal drug Lipin this drug ...
to this factsheet in PDF form
to this factsheet in PDF form

... sometimes but not always this could be caused by a heart defect. ...
Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease

... brain, legs, and lungs. In the name Cardiovascular, "Cardio" refers to the heart and "Vascular" refers to the blood vessel system. Cardiovascular Disease causes dysfunctional conditions of the heart, arteries, and veins that supply oxygen to vital lifesustaining areas of the body like the brain, the ...
Sudden Cardiac Death Prevention: Clinical Trials
Sudden Cardiac Death Prevention: Clinical Trials

... -death from any cause as primary end point -intention-to-treat analysis -95% power to detect 38% reduction in 2 year mortality rate among patients in defibrillator group ...
Intraprocedural left ventricular free wall rupture diagnosed by left
Intraprocedural left ventricular free wall rupture diagnosed by left

... of intravenous catecholamines to stabilize hemodynamic function during percutaneous coronary interventions. In this case, the insertion of an IABP and the implant of a temporary pacemaker should have been considered before proceeding with angioplasty since, in patients presenting with inferior AMI, ...
Work and Ischemic Heart Disease
Work and Ischemic Heart Disease

... factors.4) In earlier research blood pressure elevations while at work were reported to be mild. Moreover, while many cohort studies examining work-related stress and the incidence of ischemic heart disease have reported an increased relative risk, other research data have shown no difference, and n ...
TMT
TMT

... Hypokalemia & digoxin are associated with exertional ST depression Nitrates, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers can prolong the time to onset of ischemic ST depression, increase exercise tolerance, and may normalize exercise ECG response in documented CAD patients. ...
The Structure and Function of The Cardiovascular
The Structure and Function of The Cardiovascular

... • The working muscles’ demand for oxygen means that blood is redirected away from areas which need it less. For example, when cycling blood may be redirected from the gut to the legs • The body's temperature increases as does the temperature of the blood. To cope with this increase in temperature mo ...
Presentation1
Presentation1

... In one form of the disease, the IV septum becomes enlarged and obstructs the blood flow from the left ventricle. the thickened wall sometimes distorts one leaflet of the mitral valve, causing it to leak. HCM is known as hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (H.O.C.M.) or asymmetric septal hypertro ...
Left-to-right interatrial shunt percutaneously
Left-to-right interatrial shunt percutaneously

... Published data and feasibility studies in an HF animal model demonstrate that shunting of 1000–1500 cc/ min for 6 mmHg pressure gradient (between LAP and right arterial presure [RAP]) and 1500–1900 cc/min for 10 mmHg pressure gradient is expected to result in a reduction in LAP of 20 and 30%, respec ...
CMA Vital Signs Practice Test
CMA Vital Signs Practice Test

... c. To assess pulse rate after the administration of medications that affect heart ...
Fetal circulation
Fetal circulation

... shifted to the left compared with adult haemoglobin) ensures that oxygen delivery is maintained despite low oxygen partial pressures. At birth, the circulation of the fetal blood through the placenta ceases, acute changes in the pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance occur and the lungs begin to ...
Cardiopulmonary Study guide #1 Lecture #1 anatomy of the heart 1
Cardiopulmonary Study guide #1 Lecture #1 anatomy of the heart 1

... Factors related to Ventricular performance o Total blood volume o Intrathoracic pressure o Intrapericardial pressure o Pumping of skeletal muscle o Atrial contribution to ventricular filling o Body pumping o Venous tone ...
Endocarditis_SA - Hatzalah of Miami-Dade
Endocarditis_SA - Hatzalah of Miami-Dade

... • IE has increasingly become a disease of the elderly • More than one-half of all IE cases in the United States now occur in patients over the age of 60 • This trend is probably due to two factors – the decline in the incidence of rheumatic heart disease – the increasing proportion of elderly subjec ...
evaluation of a patient with suspected pulmonary hypertension.
evaluation of a patient with suspected pulmonary hypertension.

... studies. This could be explained by the fact that, the previous studies cited above have been conducted on Western populations, where the incidence of valvular heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is lesser compared to our study population, and therefore our patients were relative ...
The heart is responsible for generating the pressure that propels
The heart is responsible for generating the pressure that propels

... rest, both parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons are releasing neurotransmitters onto the heart, but the parasympathetic branch is dominant. During stress, exercise, and excessive heat the sympathetic influence is dominant. Hormones such as epinephrine (released by the adrenal medulla), thyroxine ...
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Antihypertensive drug



Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. Evidence suggests that reduction of the blood pressure by 5 mmHg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34%, of ischaemic heart disease by 21%, and reduce the likelihood of dementia, heart failure, and mortality from cardiovascular disease. There are many classes of antihypertensives, which lower blood pressure by different means. Among the most important and most widely used drugs are thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs), and beta blockers.Which type of medication to use initially for hypertension has been the subject of several large studies and resulting national guidelines. The fundamental goal of treatment should be the prevention of the important endpoints of hypertension, such as heart attack, stroke and heart failure. Patient age, associated clinical conditions and end-organ damage also play a part in determining dosage and type of medication administered. The several classes of antihypertensives differ in side effect profiles, ability to prevent endpoints, and cost. The choice of more expensive agents, where cheaper ones would be equally effective, may have negative impacts on national healthcare budgets. As of 2009, the best available evidence favors the thiazide diuretics as the first-line treatment of choice for high blood pressure when drugs are necessary. Although clinical evidence shows calcium channel blockers and thiazide-type diuretics are preferred first-line treatments for most people (from both efficacy and cost points of view), an ACE inhibitor is recommended by NICE in the UK for those under 55 years old.
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