Linear ubiquitin chains: enzymes, mechanisms and biology
... The HOIP subunit of LUBAC contains all the catalytic machinery required to synthesize linear ubiquitin chains with high specificity [2,3]. This activity is located in its C-terminal portion within the RBR domain plus a C-terminal extension referred to as the linear ubiquitin chain-determining domain ...
... The HOIP subunit of LUBAC contains all the catalytic machinery required to synthesize linear ubiquitin chains with high specificity [2,3]. This activity is located in its C-terminal portion within the RBR domain plus a C-terminal extension referred to as the linear ubiquitin chain-determining domain ...
Gene Section AGER (advanced glycosylation end product specific receptor) -
... fully independent, attached to VC1 through a flexible linker. RAGE was originally identified as a receptor for advanced glycation end products, but it also interacts with other structurally unrelated ligands including HMGB1, several members of the S100 family, amyloid-beta peptide, transthyretin and ...
... fully independent, attached to VC1 through a flexible linker. RAGE was originally identified as a receptor for advanced glycation end products, but it also interacts with other structurally unrelated ligands including HMGB1, several members of the S100 family, amyloid-beta peptide, transthyretin and ...
Hormones and Signal Transduction III
... RAS RAS is a Family of Related Proteins Each is Monomeric and like the α-subunit of G-Proteins RAS Proteins Bind Guanine Nucleotides RAS Swaps GDP for GTP on Activation RAS Slowly Cleaves GTP to GDP ...
... RAS RAS is a Family of Related Proteins Each is Monomeric and like the α-subunit of G-Proteins RAS Proteins Bind Guanine Nucleotides RAS Swaps GDP for GTP on Activation RAS Slowly Cleaves GTP to GDP ...
Transcriptional control by the TGF/Smad signaling system
... The Smad proteins are a family of transcription factors found in vertebrates, insects and nematodes (Figure 2) (Heldin et al., 1997; MassagueÂ, 1998). To date, the Smads are the only TGF-b receptor substrates with a demonstrated ability to propagate signals. The mechanism of activation of the TGF-b ...
... The Smad proteins are a family of transcription factors found in vertebrates, insects and nematodes (Figure 2) (Heldin et al., 1997; MassagueÂ, 1998). To date, the Smads are the only TGF-b receptor substrates with a demonstrated ability to propagate signals. The mechanism of activation of the TGF-b ...
Running title: Regulation of RBOHD during plant immunity
... RBOHD orthologs in different plants (Kadota et al. 2014; Kobayashi et al. 2007; Simon-Plas et al. 2002; Yoshioka et al. 2003). Thus, it appears that the regulation imposed by BIK1 (and related RLCKs) is a common regulatory mechanism for RBOHD orthologs in different plant species. Importantly, RBOHD ...
... RBOHD orthologs in different plants (Kadota et al. 2014; Kobayashi et al. 2007; Simon-Plas et al. 2002; Yoshioka et al. 2003). Thus, it appears that the regulation imposed by BIK1 (and related RLCKs) is a common regulatory mechanism for RBOHD orthologs in different plant species. Importantly, RBOHD ...
G protein
... Inactivation of G Proteins • G proteins act like molecular switches whose on and off states depend on whether they are bound to GTP or GDP • There are large heterotrimeric G proteins and small monomeric G proteins • The heterotrimeric G proteins mediate signal transduction through G protein-linked r ...
... Inactivation of G Proteins • G proteins act like molecular switches whose on and off states depend on whether they are bound to GTP or GDP • There are large heterotrimeric G proteins and small monomeric G proteins • The heterotrimeric G proteins mediate signal transduction through G protein-linked r ...
Bacterial second messengers, cGMP and cdiGMP, in a quest for
... Thus, based on the results of An et al (2013), cGMP may exist in bacteria that have not been suspect otherwise, and it may regulate new kinds of protein targets (Figure 1). Finally, this work can be seen as yet another example of the ongoing expansion of eukaryotic and bacterial cyclic monoand dinuc ...
... Thus, based on the results of An et al (2013), cGMP may exist in bacteria that have not been suspect otherwise, and it may regulate new kinds of protein targets (Figure 1). Finally, this work can be seen as yet another example of the ongoing expansion of eukaryotic and bacterial cyclic monoand dinuc ...
Gene Section ARNT (aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... receptor nuclear translocator gene (ARNT) is located on q21 of human chromosome 1 and on mouse chromosome 3 near Cf3. Genomics. 1993 Sep;17(3):592-8 ...
... receptor nuclear translocator gene (ARNT) is located on q21 of human chromosome 1 and on mouse chromosome 3 near Cf3. Genomics. 1993 Sep;17(3):592-8 ...
Understanding the link between transglutaminase 2 and the
... Ca 2+ activated enzyme that post translationally modifies proteins via -γ-glutamyl-lysine crosslinks often leading to the formation of high molecular weight complexes. (REF2) Normally this activity is tightly regulated since its dysfunction is associated with many diseases particularly the onset of ...
... Ca 2+ activated enzyme that post translationally modifies proteins via -γ-glutamyl-lysine crosslinks often leading to the formation of high molecular weight complexes. (REF2) Normally this activity is tightly regulated since its dysfunction is associated with many diseases particularly the onset of ...
as PDF
... The cysteine knot is a folding motif that forces exposure of hydrophobic residues to the aqueous surrounding, and prevents the molecule from assuming a globular protein structure (Figure 1). Instead, it drives the molecules to undergo dimerization, resulting in highly stable dimeric proteins with a ...
... The cysteine knot is a folding motif that forces exposure of hydrophobic residues to the aqueous surrounding, and prevents the molecule from assuming a globular protein structure (Figure 1). Instead, it drives the molecules to undergo dimerization, resulting in highly stable dimeric proteins with a ...
COMBINING MOLECULAR DOCKING WITH RECEPTOR DOMAIN
... Motivation: Most molecular docking algorithms consider only flexibility of ligand molecules while receptor is held rigid. At the same time it becomes evident that receptor’s flexibility is indispensable for obtaining correct structures of protein-ligand complexes via docking simulations. Results: To ...
... Motivation: Most molecular docking algorithms consider only flexibility of ligand molecules while receptor is held rigid. At the same time it becomes evident that receptor’s flexibility is indispensable for obtaining correct structures of protein-ligand complexes via docking simulations. Results: To ...
L. RECEPTOR-LIGAND DISSOCIATION Simple Equilibrium Binding
... Figure L.4 Graphical representation of ligand binding to a receptor with positive cooperativity. Note the sigmoidal shape of the plot, even with a linear x-axis. Affinity is low initially, but rises sharply as some of the dimeric receptor becomes bound to the first ligand and changes to the relaxed ...
... Figure L.4 Graphical representation of ligand binding to a receptor with positive cooperativity. Note the sigmoidal shape of the plot, even with a linear x-axis. Affinity is low initially, but rises sharply as some of the dimeric receptor becomes bound to the first ligand and changes to the relaxed ...
dorsal - WebLearn
... 8. The activated Gd protein splits the Snake (Snk) protein, and activated Snk cleaves the Easter (Ea) protein. Gd, Snk and Ea are serine proteases 9. The activated Easter protein splits Spatzle; activated Spatzle binds to Toll receptor protein. 10. Toll activation activates Tube and Pelle, which pho ...
... 8. The activated Gd protein splits the Snake (Snk) protein, and activated Snk cleaves the Easter (Ea) protein. Gd, Snk and Ea are serine proteases 9. The activated Easter protein splits Spatzle; activated Spatzle binds to Toll receptor protein. 10. Toll activation activates Tube and Pelle, which pho ...
Document
... IL-5 and CCL11 then act in concert to drive final differentiation, maturation and release of eosinophils from the bone marrow into the bloodstream. Eosinophils express a range of receptors, e.g. CCR3, the receptor for CCL11, which allow them to respond to a multitude of cytokines, chemokines and lip ...
... IL-5 and CCL11 then act in concert to drive final differentiation, maturation and release of eosinophils from the bone marrow into the bloodstream. Eosinophils express a range of receptors, e.g. CCR3, the receptor for CCL11, which allow them to respond to a multitude of cytokines, chemokines and lip ...
Negative regulation of oncogenic signaling by receptor tyrosine
... relatively late in evolution, and they exhibit unexpected variation and complexity. Concentrating on negative mechanisms, we found that ligand-induced endocytosis and degradation of active receptors is a major regulatory pathway involving not only phopshorylation, but also ubiquitination of receptor ...
... relatively late in evolution, and they exhibit unexpected variation and complexity. Concentrating on negative mechanisms, we found that ligand-induced endocytosis and degradation of active receptors is a major regulatory pathway involving not only phopshorylation, but also ubiquitination of receptor ...
Nuclear hormone receptors (contd)
... We will talk more about homeobox genes in the last two lectures – for now, it is sufficient to note that homeobox genes are critical for normal development – more than 400 different types already known – homeodomain proteins can act as transcriptional activators or repressors • many people spent yea ...
... We will talk more about homeobox genes in the last two lectures – for now, it is sufficient to note that homeobox genes are critical for normal development – more than 400 different types already known – homeodomain proteins can act as transcriptional activators or repressors • many people spent yea ...
5.3 G Protein-Coupled Receptors
... component of the signal transmission pathway on the inner side of the cell membrane. In this process enzymatic activities can be triggered and/or the activated receptor engages in specific interactions with downstream signal proteins. An intracellular signal chain is set in motion, which finally tri ...
... component of the signal transmission pathway on the inner side of the cell membrane. In this process enzymatic activities can be triggered and/or the activated receptor engages in specific interactions with downstream signal proteins. An intracellular signal chain is set in motion, which finally tri ...
integration from proteins to organs: the physiome project
... 2 key features: variable N domain regulates activation all domains derived from precursor by cleavage specific sites Cleavage of the procaspase at the specific Asp-X bonds leads to the formation of the mature caspase, which comprises the heterotetramer p202–p102, and the release of the prodomain. ...
... 2 key features: variable N domain regulates activation all domains derived from precursor by cleavage specific sites Cleavage of the procaspase at the specific Asp-X bonds leads to the formation of the mature caspase, which comprises the heterotetramer p202–p102, and the release of the prodomain. ...
Fruit flies like a (rotten) banana - Lazzaro
... infected, with males and females having equal infection rates. Some of the most exciting work in this area had to do with Wolbachia infection. While conducting a genetic screen to identify D. melanogaster loci responsible for resistance to Drosophila C Virus, Luis Teixeira (Michael Ashburner’s lab, ...
... infected, with males and females having equal infection rates. Some of the most exciting work in this area had to do with Wolbachia infection. While conducting a genetic screen to identify D. melanogaster loci responsible for resistance to Drosophila C Virus, Luis Teixeira (Michael Ashburner’s lab, ...
(bacteria) (Cytokinin signaling in plants)
... A) The receptor is similar to the bacterial two-component proteins The first study was performed using an activation tagging method: the idea is to activate randomly the genes in the genome by inserting a strong promoter anywhere in the genome and screen for phenotype that is related to cytokinin ac ...
... A) The receptor is similar to the bacterial two-component proteins The first study was performed using an activation tagging method: the idea is to activate randomly the genes in the genome by inserting a strong promoter anywhere in the genome and screen for phenotype that is related to cytokinin ac ...
Chapter 9 Signal Transduction and Cell Growth
... G proteins and second messengers. This section discusses three basic mechanisms of signal transduction that are common to many organisms. Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation of Proteins The most important among the intracellular signal transduction mechanisms is the phosphorylation of the side cha ...
... G proteins and second messengers. This section discusses three basic mechanisms of signal transduction that are common to many organisms. Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation of Proteins The most important among the intracellular signal transduction mechanisms is the phosphorylation of the side cha ...
The three-dimensional structure of the interleukin
... School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences in Gifu University, ahead of other countries, elucidated the three-dimensional structure of a complex in which interleukin-18 (IL-18) binds to the receptor. This work was performed in collaboration with the Laboratory of Structural Physiology ...
... School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences in Gifu University, ahead of other countries, elucidated the three-dimensional structure of a complex in which interleukin-18 (IL-18) binds to the receptor. This work was performed in collaboration with the Laboratory of Structural Physiology ...
Chapter 11 - My Teacher Site
... • Communication among microorganisms is a window into the role of cell signaling in the evolution of life on Earth – Researchers have learned much about cell signaling by studying mating in yeast cells • They have discovered that cells of a yeast known as Saccharomyces cerevisiae identify their mate ...
... • Communication among microorganisms is a window into the role of cell signaling in the evolution of life on Earth – Researchers have learned much about cell signaling by studying mating in yeast cells • They have discovered that cells of a yeast known as Saccharomyces cerevisiae identify their mate ...
Targeted Identification of Glycoproteins in Disease
... present on bacterial cell surfaces provide one such target.(2) Importantly, glycosylation patterns vary between bacterial and mammalian species, as well as among different bacterial species. (3) This variation creates the potential to selectively target a bacterial species based on cell-surface glyc ...
... present on bacterial cell surfaces provide one such target.(2) Importantly, glycosylation patterns vary between bacterial and mammalian species, as well as among different bacterial species. (3) This variation creates the potential to selectively target a bacterial species based on cell-surface glyc ...
Chemical Messengers
... Communication: Signal Transduction Same Steps (summary) 1. Molecule (primary messenger) in ECF binds to membrane receptor and activates it 2. Membrane proteins are activated which may 3. Secondary messengers 4. Proteins modification (by Ca2+ or PO4-) affects ...
... Communication: Signal Transduction Same Steps (summary) 1. Molecule (primary messenger) in ECF binds to membrane receptor and activates it 2. Membrane proteins are activated which may 3. Secondary messengers 4. Proteins modification (by Ca2+ or PO4-) affects ...
Toll-like receptor
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single, membrane-spanning, non-catalytic receptors usually expressed in sentinel cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, that recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes. Once these microbes have breached physical barriers such as the skin or intestinal tract mucosa, they are recognized by TLRs, which activate immune cell responses. The TLRs include TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, TLR10, TLR11, TLR12, and TLR13, though the latter three are not found in humans.They received their name from their similarity to the protein coded by the toll gene identified in Drosophila in 1985 by Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard. The researchers were so surprised that they spontaneously shouted out in German, ""Das ist ja toll!"" which translates as ""That's great!""