Section 18 Immunity in the Fetus and Newborn
... • The ability of the fetus to respond to antigens develops very rapidly after the immune organs appear, but all antigens are not equally capable of stimulating fetal response. • The ability to mount cell-mediated immune responses develops almost simultaneously as antibody production. ...
... • The ability of the fetus to respond to antigens develops very rapidly after the immune organs appear, but all antigens are not equally capable of stimulating fetal response. • The ability to mount cell-mediated immune responses develops almost simultaneously as antibody production. ...
15 steps you can take to reduce your risk of a hospital infection
... 10. Do not shave the surgical site. Razors can create small nicks in the skin, through which bacteria can enter. If hair must be removed before surgery, ask that clippers be used instead of a razor. ...
... 10. Do not shave the surgical site. Razors can create small nicks in the skin, through which bacteria can enter. If hair must be removed before surgery, ask that clippers be used instead of a razor. ...
Slide 1 - Statnet
... Health-care workers / family members treating those who are infected are at greatest risk of getting infected themselves. ...
... Health-care workers / family members treating those who are infected are at greatest risk of getting infected themselves. ...
Prevention of genital herpes
... and then an uninfected region. This can be particularly problematic in areas such as the eyes which are highly sensitive. HSV shedding is increased in HIV-infected persons. Prevention of host-to-host transmission is achieved by simple hygiene, but this is only partially effective because: - The ...
... and then an uninfected region. This can be particularly problematic in areas such as the eyes which are highly sensitive. HSV shedding is increased in HIV-infected persons. Prevention of host-to-host transmission is achieved by simple hygiene, but this is only partially effective because: - The ...
Kennel Cough (Infectious Tracheobronchitis) in
... bronchiseptica, and mycoplasma. Canine adenovirus type 2, reovirus, and canine herpes virus are thought to possibly contribute to the disease, as well. Although any one of these organisms can cause symptoms of the disease, the majority of cases are the result of more than one organism. The most comm ...
... bronchiseptica, and mycoplasma. Canine adenovirus type 2, reovirus, and canine herpes virus are thought to possibly contribute to the disease, as well. Although any one of these organisms can cause symptoms of the disease, the majority of cases are the result of more than one organism. The most comm ...
Canine Immunization Guide
... discharge and less commonly vomiting. The virus is What it does Protects against bronchitis‐type respiratory transmitted by ingestion of contaminated body fluids (urine, disease caused by Bordetella bacteria. The disease is feces, or saliva) from an infected dog. Damage to the kidneys tra ...
... discharge and less commonly vomiting. The virus is What it does Protects against bronchitis‐type respiratory transmitted by ingestion of contaminated body fluids (urine, disease caused by Bordetella bacteria. The disease is feces, or saliva) from an infected dog. Damage to the kidneys tra ...
01-Introduction to Immunology 1st lecture
... • Allergen: noninfectious antigens that induce hypersensitivity reactions, most commonly IgEmediated type I reactions. • Adaptive Immunity: host defenses that are mediated by T & B cells following exposure to Ag. • Innate immunity: nonspecific host defenses that exist prior to exposure to Ag. • Epi ...
... • Allergen: noninfectious antigens that induce hypersensitivity reactions, most commonly IgEmediated type I reactions. • Adaptive Immunity: host defenses that are mediated by T & B cells following exposure to Ag. • Innate immunity: nonspecific host defenses that exist prior to exposure to Ag. • Epi ...
05. Diphtheria
... If the tonsillitis is caused by group A streptococus, then antibiotics are useful with penicillin or amoxicillin being first line. Cephalosporins and macrolides are considered good alternatives to penicillin in the acute setting. A macrolide such as erythromycin is used for people allergic to penici ...
... If the tonsillitis is caused by group A streptococus, then antibiotics are useful with penicillin or amoxicillin being first line. Cephalosporins and macrolides are considered good alternatives to penicillin in the acute setting. A macrolide such as erythromycin is used for people allergic to penici ...
Norovirus - Derwent Vale Primary School
... The illness caused is often known as ‘winter vomiting disease’. Although it is true that there is an increase in winter months, unfortunately, cases do occur in all seasons. The illness characteristically starts with the sudden onset of severe and dramatic vomiting. This can occur with such force th ...
... The illness caused is often known as ‘winter vomiting disease’. Although it is true that there is an increase in winter months, unfortunately, cases do occur in all seasons. The illness characteristically starts with the sudden onset of severe and dramatic vomiting. This can occur with such force th ...
Decompensated Chronic Liver Disease with Comorbid Treatable
... contribute to a higher prevalence of anemia among people living in poverty. Major causes of anemia include loss of blood (through heavy menstrual bleeding, wounds, or gastrointestinal ulcer), iron deficiency, chronic disease, kidney disease, pregnancy, poor nutrition (vitamin/mineral deficiency) and ...
... contribute to a higher prevalence of anemia among people living in poverty. Major causes of anemia include loss of blood (through heavy menstrual bleeding, wounds, or gastrointestinal ulcer), iron deficiency, chronic disease, kidney disease, pregnancy, poor nutrition (vitamin/mineral deficiency) and ...
INFECTION. INFECTIOUS PROCESS. INFECTIOUS DISEASE. Part I
... Infection – the encounter, entry and multiplying of microorganisms behind the skin – mucous barrier of the host, followed by damage of the host tissues. The term indicates the presence of infectious agent in an individual or population. Infectious process is the process of overcoming host barriers, ...
... Infection – the encounter, entry and multiplying of microorganisms behind the skin – mucous barrier of the host, followed by damage of the host tissues. The term indicates the presence of infectious agent in an individual or population. Infectious process is the process of overcoming host barriers, ...
Work Issues Infection Control
... Infection is caused by pathogens ('bugs') such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa or fungi getting into or onto the body. It can take some time before the microbes multiply enough to trigger symptoms of illness, which means an infected person may unwittingly be spreading the disease during this incubati ...
... Infection is caused by pathogens ('bugs') such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa or fungi getting into or onto the body. It can take some time before the microbes multiply enough to trigger symptoms of illness, which means an infected person may unwittingly be spreading the disease during this incubati ...
Preventable Canine Diseases
... vomiting and diarrhea. It is often fatal, especially in young or debilitated dogs. There are several strains that affect the gastrointestinal tract and one that causes inflammation of the heart. ...
... vomiting and diarrhea. It is often fatal, especially in young or debilitated dogs. There are several strains that affect the gastrointestinal tract and one that causes inflammation of the heart. ...
American Journal of Infection Control
... not on the reportable disease list and therefore is not under public health surveillance). Experimental studies have shown that bacteria and viruses can contaminate a common communion cup and survive despite the alcohol content of the wine. Therefore, an ill person or asymptomatic carrier drinking f ...
... not on the reportable disease list and therefore is not under public health surveillance). Experimental studies have shown that bacteria and viruses can contaminate a common communion cup and survive despite the alcohol content of the wine. Therefore, an ill person or asymptomatic carrier drinking f ...
Basic Review of Cystic Fibrosis, Part 1
... • Most common life-shortening disease in the Caucasian population – Frequency of 1 in 2000-3000 live births ...
... • Most common life-shortening disease in the Caucasian population – Frequency of 1 in 2000-3000 live births ...
Antenatal Testing and Blood-Borne Viruses
... administration of HBV immunoglobulin (HBIG) and HBV vaccine to the exposed infant.13 Horizontal transmission (infection acquired in early childhood after delivery) is well recognised and has been attributed to father-to-child contact,14-16 sibling contact,16,17 and medical procedures such as intramu ...
... administration of HBV immunoglobulin (HBIG) and HBV vaccine to the exposed infant.13 Horizontal transmission (infection acquired in early childhood after delivery) is well recognised and has been attributed to father-to-child contact,14-16 sibling contact,16,17 and medical procedures such as intramu ...
Rubella German measles
... Inactivated influenza vaccines (killed) derived from A and B viruses that circulated during previous season, 70-90% protection.Given at autumn & repeated annually (routinely given for those risky groups).It may cause low grade fever and redness.2 doses one month apart, repeated annually Recently: li ...
... Inactivated influenza vaccines (killed) derived from A and B viruses that circulated during previous season, 70-90% protection.Given at autumn & repeated annually (routinely given for those risky groups).It may cause low grade fever and redness.2 doses one month apart, repeated annually Recently: li ...
Otitis Externa - Developing Anaesthesia
... edematous, and pruritic. Small, raised circumscribed lesions (papules), weeping fluid-filled lesions (vesicles), exudation, and crusting may be present. These lesions may become secondarily infected. An important differential diagnosis with respect to vesicular lesions, is shingles or Ramsay Hunt sy ...
... edematous, and pruritic. Small, raised circumscribed lesions (papules), weeping fluid-filled lesions (vesicles), exudation, and crusting may be present. These lesions may become secondarily infected. An important differential diagnosis with respect to vesicular lesions, is shingles or Ramsay Hunt sy ...
Introduction Eastern Equine
... horse in an attempt to fight the virus. A horse testing positive on one occasion will do so for the rest of its life (except young foals that absorbed antibodies from their positive dam’s colstrums but are not actually infected with the virus). There currently is no effective treatment or vaccinatio ...
... horse in an attempt to fight the virus. A horse testing positive on one occasion will do so for the rest of its life (except young foals that absorbed antibodies from their positive dam’s colstrums but are not actually infected with the virus). There currently is no effective treatment or vaccinatio ...
Zika Virus Outside Africa
... too few samples tested to derive robust estimates of the sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA. IgM was detectable as early as 3 days after onset of illness in some persons; 1 person with evidence of previous flavivirus infection had not developed IgM at day 5 but did have it by day 8 (1). Neutra ...
... too few samples tested to derive robust estimates of the sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA. IgM was detectable as early as 3 days after onset of illness in some persons; 1 person with evidence of previous flavivirus infection had not developed IgM at day 5 but did have it by day 8 (1). Neutra ...
Group A Streptococcus: Commonly Asked Questions
... highest when a person is ill, such as when people have "strep throat" or an infected wound. People who carry the bacteria but have no symptoms are much less able to spread the bacteria. Treatment of an infected person with an appropriate antibiotic for 24 hours or longer removes their ability to spr ...
... highest when a person is ill, such as when people have "strep throat" or an infected wound. People who carry the bacteria but have no symptoms are much less able to spread the bacteria. Treatment of an infected person with an appropriate antibiotic for 24 hours or longer removes their ability to spr ...
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) which affects the liver. It can cause both acute and chronic infections. Many people have no symptoms during the initial infection. Some develop a rapid onset of sickness with vomiting, yellowish skin, feeling tired, dark urine and abdominal pain. Often these symptoms last a few weeks and rarely does the initial infection result in death. It may take 30 to 180 days for symptoms to begin. In those who get infected around the time of birth 90% develop chronic hepatitis B while less than 10% of those infected after the age of five do. Most of those with chronic disease have no symptoms; however, cirrhosis and liver cancer may eventually develop. These complications results in the death of 15 to 25% of those with chronic disease.The virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Infection around the time of birth or from contact with other people's blood during childhood is the most frequent method by which hepatitis B is acquired in areas where the disease is common. In areas where the disease is rare, intravenous drug use and sexual intercourse are the most frequent routes of infection. Other risk factors include working in healthcare, blood transfusions, dialysis, living with an infected person, travel in countries where the infection rate is high, and living in an institution. Tattooing and acupuncture led to a significant number of cases in the 1980s; however, this has become less common with improved sterility. The hepatitis B viruses cannot be spread by holding hands, sharing eating utensils, kissing, hugging, coughing, sneezing, or breastfeeding. The infection can be diagnosed 30 to 60 days after exposure. Diagnosis is typically by testing the blood for parts of the virus and for antibodies against the virus. It is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E.The infection has been preventable by vaccination since 1982. Vaccination is recommended by the World Health Organization in the first day of life if possible. Two or three more doses are required at a later time for full effect. This vaccine works about 95% of the time. About 180 countries gave the vaccine as part of national programs as of 2006. It is also recommended that all blood be tested for hepatitis B before transfusion and condoms be used to prevent infection. During an initial infection, care is based on the symptoms that a person has. In those who develop chronic disease antiviral medication such as tenofovir or interferon maybe useful, however these drugs are expensive. Liver transplantation is sometimes used for cirrhosis.About a third of the world population has been infected at one point in their lives, including 240 million to 350 million who have chronic infections. Over 750,000 people die of hepatitis B each year. About 300,000 of these are due to liver cancer. The disease is now only common in East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa where between 5 and 10% of adults have chronic disease. Rates in Europe and North America are less than 1%. It was originally known as serum hepatitis. Research is looking to create foods that contain HBV vaccine. The disease may affect other great apes as well.