![Host-Pathogen Interactions: The Attributes of Virulence](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/017327737_1-af5e4c2e326facb4c002b9f05e5e501a-300x300.png)
Host-Pathogen Interactions: The Attributes of Virulence
... The concept of virulence factors. Historically, virulence has been defined with a focus on microbe-induced effects on host fitness [6]. Proponents of this view have attributed the ability of a microbe to cause disease to the expression of particular microbial characteristics. Such characteristics, o ...
... The concept of virulence factors. Historically, virulence has been defined with a focus on microbe-induced effects on host fitness [6]. Proponents of this view have attributed the ability of a microbe to cause disease to the expression of particular microbial characteristics. Such characteristics, o ...
4.7 INFLUENZA 4.7.1 Virology 4.7.2 Clinical features 4.7.3
... sneezing, or by direct contact with respiratory secretions.1,2 Influenza virus infection causes a wide spectrum of disease, from no or minimal symptoms, to respiratory illness with systemic features, to multisystem complications and death from primary viral or secondary bacterial pneumonia. Severe d ...
... sneezing, or by direct contact with respiratory secretions.1,2 Influenza virus infection causes a wide spectrum of disease, from no or minimal symptoms, to respiratory illness with systemic features, to multisystem complications and death from primary viral or secondary bacterial pneumonia. Severe d ...
Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute... Sinusitis in Children Aged 1 to 18 Years
... persistent illness (nasal discharge [of any quality] or daytime cough or both lasting more than 10 days without improvement), (2) a worsening course (worsening or new onset of nasal discharge, daytime cough, or fever after initial improvement), or (3) severe onset (concurrent fever [temperature ≥39° ...
... persistent illness (nasal discharge [of any quality] or daytime cough or both lasting more than 10 days without improvement), (2) a worsening course (worsening or new onset of nasal discharge, daytime cough, or fever after initial improvement), or (3) severe onset (concurrent fever [temperature ≥39° ...
Developments in Social Evolution and Virulence in Parasites
... and/or genotypes with their hosts. I develop our understanding of social evolution and virulence in parasites in several ways. (1) I review empirical evidence for the fundamental predictions of virulence-transmission trade-off theory and demonstrate that the fit between theory and data is primarily ...
... and/or genotypes with their hosts. I develop our understanding of social evolution and virulence in parasites in several ways. (1) I review empirical evidence for the fundamental predictions of virulence-transmission trade-off theory and demonstrate that the fit between theory and data is primarily ...
Diagnostic Standards and Classification of TB in Adults and Children (PDF)
... Tuberculosis is spread from person to person through the air by droplet nuclei, particles 1 to 5 m in diameter that contain M. tuberculosis complex (4). Droplet nuclei are produced when persons with pulmonary or laryngeal tuberculosis cough, sneeze, speak, or sing. They also may be produced by aero ...
... Tuberculosis is spread from person to person through the air by droplet nuclei, particles 1 to 5 m in diameter that contain M. tuberculosis complex (4). Droplet nuclei are produced when persons with pulmonary or laryngeal tuberculosis cough, sneeze, speak, or sing. They also may be produced by aero ...
Import risk analysis: horses and horse semen
... The risk assessment presents a monograph for each disease of concern. Each monograph reviews the epidemiology of the disease, including distribution, clinical signs, transmission, diagnosis and treatment. This information is then used to provide a risk estimate by considering the risk of release (th ...
... The risk assessment presents a monograph for each disease of concern. Each monograph reviews the epidemiology of the disease, including distribution, clinical signs, transmission, diagnosis and treatment. This information is then used to provide a risk estimate by considering the risk of release (th ...
Is swine flu
... Swine flu (swine influenza) is a respiratory disease caused by viruses (influenza viruses) that infect the respiratory tract of pigs and result in nasal secretions, a barking-like cough, decreased appetite, and listless behaviour. Swine flu produces most of the same symptoms in pigs as human flu pro ...
... Swine flu (swine influenza) is a respiratory disease caused by viruses (influenza viruses) that infect the respiratory tract of pigs and result in nasal secretions, a barking-like cough, decreased appetite, and listless behaviour. Swine flu produces most of the same symptoms in pigs as human flu pro ...
Why Is There Still Rabies in the World? - An...
... suggest that these vaccines (gt1 based) will not offer protection against lyssaviruses in the phylogroup II cluster [16, 21]. On the basis of criteria proposed for lyssavirus phylogroups, West Caucasian bat virus could be considered an independent phylogroup III because of genetic distance and absen ...
... suggest that these vaccines (gt1 based) will not offer protection against lyssaviruses in the phylogroup II cluster [16, 21]. On the basis of criteria proposed for lyssavirus phylogroups, West Caucasian bat virus could be considered an independent phylogroup III because of genetic distance and absen ...
Tubules composed of non-structural protein
... A new age in disease control dawned with the introduction of Jenner's cowpox virus as a vaccine for the prevention of smallpox. Ever since that discovery vaccination has constituted the most cost-effective tool for the prophylaxis of infectious diseases and the diligent use of measles, diphtheria, t ...
... A new age in disease control dawned with the introduction of Jenner's cowpox virus as a vaccine for the prevention of smallpox. Ever since that discovery vaccination has constituted the most cost-effective tool for the prophylaxis of infectious diseases and the diligent use of measles, diphtheria, t ...
The Evolution of Flea-borne Transmission in Yersinia pestis
... transfer; and recruitment of endogenous chromosomal genes for new functions. Perhaps reflective of the recent adaptation, transmission of Y. pestis by fleas is inefficient, and this likely imposed selective pressure favoring the evolution of increased virulence in this pathogen. Introduction Pathogenic ...
... transfer; and recruitment of endogenous chromosomal genes for new functions. Perhaps reflective of the recent adaptation, transmission of Y. pestis by fleas is inefficient, and this likely imposed selective pressure favoring the evolution of increased virulence in this pathogen. Introduction Pathogenic ...
Genetic Determinants of the Synthesis of the
... certainly due to mixed K and 0 agglutination. Another difference between K27i forms and K27 forms became evident when heated, washed cell suspensions were used for agglutination tests. In contrast to K27 cells the heated K27i forms had lost their agglutinability in pure K27 serum. This may be due to ...
... certainly due to mixed K and 0 agglutination. Another difference between K27i forms and K27 forms became evident when heated, washed cell suspensions were used for agglutination tests. In contrast to K27 cells the heated K27i forms had lost their agglutinability in pure K27 serum. This may be due to ...
Cross-Species Infection and Characterization of Avian Hepatitis E
... avian HEV were used to prepare an avian HEV infectious stock. The infectivity titer of this infectious stock was determined, by intravenously inoculating one-week old SPF chickens, to be 5 x 104.5 50% chicken infectious doses (CID50) per ml. Seroconversion, viremia as well as fecal virus shedding we ...
... avian HEV were used to prepare an avian HEV infectious stock. The infectivity titer of this infectious stock was determined, by intravenously inoculating one-week old SPF chickens, to be 5 x 104.5 50% chicken infectious doses (CID50) per ml. Seroconversion, viremia as well as fecal virus shedding we ...
the Influenza Flu Kit Here
... Influenza is more than just a ‘bad cold’. Although some of the symptoms are the same, influenza is usually much more severe. Symptoms of influenza include a cough, headache, fever or chills, body aches and pains, fatigue and generally feeling miserable. Influenza can lead to serious complications, p ...
... Influenza is more than just a ‘bad cold’. Although some of the symptoms are the same, influenza is usually much more severe. Symptoms of influenza include a cough, headache, fever or chills, body aches and pains, fatigue and generally feeling miserable. Influenza can lead to serious complications, p ...
American Thoracic Diagnostic Standards and Classification of Tuberculosis in Adults and Children S
... Tuberculosis is spread from person to person through the air by droplet nuclei, particles 1 to 5 pm in diameter that contain M. tuberculosis complex (4). Droplet nuclei are produced when persons with pulmonary or laryngeal tuberculosis cough, sneeze, speak, or sing. They also may be produced by aero ...
... Tuberculosis is spread from person to person through the air by droplet nuclei, particles 1 to 5 pm in diameter that contain M. tuberculosis complex (4). Droplet nuclei are produced when persons with pulmonary or laryngeal tuberculosis cough, sneeze, speak, or sing. They also may be produced by aero ...
Mouse Diseases Common Conditions (phenotypes) and Infectious
... Esophageal dilatation, or megaesophagus, sometimes is identified at necropsy. When severe, it may be a cause of death. NEOPLASIA, Intestine [10] [11] Spontaneous, primary neoplasms of the intestine are not common spontaneous lesions in most mouse strains. In susceptible strains or genetically engine ...
... Esophageal dilatation, or megaesophagus, sometimes is identified at necropsy. When severe, it may be a cause of death. NEOPLASIA, Intestine [10] [11] Spontaneous, primary neoplasms of the intestine are not common spontaneous lesions in most mouse strains. In susceptible strains or genetically engine ...
1 TRANSFER OF MICROORGANISMS FROM FOMITES TO HANDS
... for the technical assistance you provided. I also would like to recognize everyone in the Gerba lab. You made my time in the lab enjoyable and I will cherish these memories. I also would like to show gratitude to Dr. Joan Rose and the Center for Advancing Microbial Risk Assessment (CAMRA) for fundin ...
... for the technical assistance you provided. I also would like to recognize everyone in the Gerba lab. You made my time in the lab enjoyable and I will cherish these memories. I also would like to show gratitude to Dr. Joan Rose and the Center for Advancing Microbial Risk Assessment (CAMRA) for fundin ...
Community-acquired pneumonia in children: Clinical features and
... group A Streptococcus, which may follow days of upper respiratory tract infection symptoms, is considered abrupt in onset, with the febrile patient appearing ill and sometimes toxic. Respiratory distress is moderate to severe; auscultatory findings may be few and focal, limited to the involved anato ...
... group A Streptococcus, which may follow days of upper respiratory tract infection symptoms, is considered abrupt in onset, with the febrile patient appearing ill and sometimes toxic. Respiratory distress is moderate to severe; auscultatory findings may be few and focal, limited to the involved anato ...
Mouse Diseases Common Conditions
... Esophageal dilatation, or megaesophagus, sometimes is identified at necropsy. When severe, it may be a cause of death. NEOPLASIA, Intestine [10] [11] Spontaneous, primary neoplasms of the intestine are not common spontaneous lesions in most mouse strains. In susceptible strains or genetically engine ...
... Esophageal dilatation, or megaesophagus, sometimes is identified at necropsy. When severe, it may be a cause of death. NEOPLASIA, Intestine [10] [11] Spontaneous, primary neoplasms of the intestine are not common spontaneous lesions in most mouse strains. In susceptible strains or genetically engine ...
Exploring reasons for non-vaccination against human
... Background: In Italy, free-of-charge HPV vaccination is offered to 11-year-old girls since 2007. The National Immunization Plan established the target coverage at a minimum of 70%; it should increase to 95% within 3-year time frame. In 2012, four year after the introduction of HPV vaccination, cover ...
... Background: In Italy, free-of-charge HPV vaccination is offered to 11-year-old girls since 2007. The National Immunization Plan established the target coverage at a minimum of 70%; it should increase to 95% within 3-year time frame. In 2012, four year after the introduction of HPV vaccination, cover ...
Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diseases
... Infections of the Respiratory Tract and Associated Structures ANTIBIOTICS are commonly unnecessarily prescribed for respiratory infections entirely due to viral infection. Recent research indicates that procalcitonin levels of > 0.25 μg/L are associated with bacterial infections, while lower levels ...
... Infections of the Respiratory Tract and Associated Structures ANTIBIOTICS are commonly unnecessarily prescribed for respiratory infections entirely due to viral infection. Recent research indicates that procalcitonin levels of > 0.25 μg/L are associated with bacterial infections, while lower levels ...
HPSC annual report 2010 - Health Protection Surveillance Centre
... provided data to ECDC in their latest report (2008 data). and antimicrobial use in long term care facilities in the summer of 2010. The low rate of pressure sores The very high rate of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli and urinary catheter use, despite a high proportion of (VTEC) reported in 2009 decre ...
... provided data to ECDC in their latest report (2008 data). and antimicrobial use in long term care facilities in the summer of 2010. The low rate of pressure sores The very high rate of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli and urinary catheter use, despite a high proportion of (VTEC) reported in 2009 decre ...
Hen egg yolk antibodies - Les Presses agronomiques de Gembloux
... while the other part is acquired and specific. The acquired immune system is characterized by specificity, heterogeneity, and memory. This system is divided into cellular branch and non-cellular (humoral) branch. The non-cellular branch includes immunoglobulins (antibodies) and the cells which produce ...
... while the other part is acquired and specific. The acquired immune system is characterized by specificity, heterogeneity, and memory. This system is divided into cellular branch and non-cellular (humoral) branch. The non-cellular branch includes immunoglobulins (antibodies) and the cells which produce ...
EID Cover - Antimicrobe.org
... (p = 0.03); however, their weight loss was significant (p = 0.045). Another significant difference was increased contact with sand boxes for case-patients (p = 0.002); however, the size of the group analyzed was small, and these data should be confirmed. Children infected with T. whipplei were co-in ...
... (p = 0.03); however, their weight loss was significant (p = 0.045). Another significant difference was increased contact with sand boxes for case-patients (p = 0.002); however, the size of the group analyzed was small, and these data should be confirmed. Children infected with T. whipplei were co-in ...
Delirium - Yale School of Medicine
... Antipsychotic medications are useful in the management of symptoms of delirium; benzodiazepines are useful in cases of alcohol or ...
... Antipsychotic medications are useful in the management of symptoms of delirium; benzodiazepines are useful in cases of alcohol or ...
Imogam® Rabies – HT
... Imogam® Rabies – HT should be injected as promptly as possible after exposure along with the first dose of vaccine. If initiation of treatment is delayed for any reason, Imogam® Rabies – HT and the first dose of vaccine should still be given, regardless of the interval between exposure and treatment ...
... Imogam® Rabies – HT should be injected as promptly as possible after exposure along with the first dose of vaccine. If initiation of treatment is delayed for any reason, Imogam® Rabies – HT and the first dose of vaccine should still be given, regardless of the interval between exposure and treatment ...
Hepatitis B
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Hepatitis-B_virions.jpg?width=300)
Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) which affects the liver. It can cause both acute and chronic infections. Many people have no symptoms during the initial infection. Some develop a rapid onset of sickness with vomiting, yellowish skin, feeling tired, dark urine and abdominal pain. Often these symptoms last a few weeks and rarely does the initial infection result in death. It may take 30 to 180 days for symptoms to begin. In those who get infected around the time of birth 90% develop chronic hepatitis B while less than 10% of those infected after the age of five do. Most of those with chronic disease have no symptoms; however, cirrhosis and liver cancer may eventually develop. These complications results in the death of 15 to 25% of those with chronic disease.The virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Infection around the time of birth or from contact with other people's blood during childhood is the most frequent method by which hepatitis B is acquired in areas where the disease is common. In areas where the disease is rare, intravenous drug use and sexual intercourse are the most frequent routes of infection. Other risk factors include working in healthcare, blood transfusions, dialysis, living with an infected person, travel in countries where the infection rate is high, and living in an institution. Tattooing and acupuncture led to a significant number of cases in the 1980s; however, this has become less common with improved sterility. The hepatitis B viruses cannot be spread by holding hands, sharing eating utensils, kissing, hugging, coughing, sneezing, or breastfeeding. The infection can be diagnosed 30 to 60 days after exposure. Diagnosis is typically by testing the blood for parts of the virus and for antibodies against the virus. It is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E.The infection has been preventable by vaccination since 1982. Vaccination is recommended by the World Health Organization in the first day of life if possible. Two or three more doses are required at a later time for full effect. This vaccine works about 95% of the time. About 180 countries gave the vaccine as part of national programs as of 2006. It is also recommended that all blood be tested for hepatitis B before transfusion and condoms be used to prevent infection. During an initial infection, care is based on the symptoms that a person has. In those who develop chronic disease antiviral medication such as tenofovir or interferon maybe useful, however these drugs are expensive. Liver transplantation is sometimes used for cirrhosis.About a third of the world population has been infected at one point in their lives, including 240 million to 350 million who have chronic infections. Over 750,000 people die of hepatitis B each year. About 300,000 of these are due to liver cancer. The disease is now only common in East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa where between 5 and 10% of adults have chronic disease. Rates in Europe and North America are less than 1%. It was originally known as serum hepatitis. Research is looking to create foods that contain HBV vaccine. The disease may affect other great apes as well.