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... compared the genetic diversification of three important genes of the virus, gag that encodes the viral structural proteins, and two pol genes, the protease that is essential for the maturation and ...
... compared the genetic diversification of three important genes of the virus, gag that encodes the viral structural proteins, and two pol genes, the protease that is essential for the maturation and ...
Why pass on viral message
... Despite the fact that viral marketing can be a successful means of marketing communication there is still only a limited understanding of how viral marketing works (Borroff, 2000; Brodin, 2000; Diorio, 2001; Helm, 2000). For example, De Bruyn and Lilien (2003: p. 4) posit that "it is difficult to [. ...
... Despite the fact that viral marketing can be a successful means of marketing communication there is still only a limited understanding of how viral marketing works (Borroff, 2000; Brodin, 2000; Diorio, 2001; Helm, 2000). For example, De Bruyn and Lilien (2003: p. 4) posit that "it is difficult to [. ...
What limits the evolutionary emergence of pathogens?
... developments, specifically various complexities associated with pathogen epidemiology. ...
... developments, specifically various complexities associated with pathogen epidemiology. ...
Reprint
... developments, specifically various complexities associated with pathogen epidemiology. ...
... developments, specifically various complexities associated with pathogen epidemiology. ...
Transmission dynamics and control of Ebola virus disease (EVD): a review
... near the source of the first outbreak. Past Ebola outbreaks have been reported on average every 1.5 years [17], with a total of 7 prior outbreaks generating over 100 reported cases [18]. A recent study has estimated 22 million people distributed in areas of Central and West Africa to be at risk of E ...
... near the source of the first outbreak. Past Ebola outbreaks have been reported on average every 1.5 years [17], with a total of 7 prior outbreaks generating over 100 reported cases [18]. A recent study has estimated 22 million people distributed in areas of Central and West Africa to be at risk of E ...
Transmission dynamics and control of Ebola virus
... near the source of the first outbreak. Past Ebola outbreaks have been reported on average every 1.5 years [17], with a total of 7 prior outbreaks generating over 100 reported cases [18]. A recent study has estimated 22 million people distributed in areas of Central and West Africa to be at risk of E ...
... near the source of the first outbreak. Past Ebola outbreaks have been reported on average every 1.5 years [17], with a total of 7 prior outbreaks generating over 100 reported cases [18]. A recent study has estimated 22 million people distributed in areas of Central and West Africa to be at risk of E ...
SLMA GUIDELINES ON THE USE OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
... third trimesters, antimicrobials may affect growth and functional development of the fetus or cause toxic effects on fetal tissue. Antimicrobials given before delivery, during labour or after delivery may cause adverse effects on labour or on the neonate. Always exclude pregnancy when prescribing fo ...
... third trimesters, antimicrobials may affect growth and functional development of the fetus or cause toxic effects on fetal tissue. Antimicrobials given before delivery, during labour or after delivery may cause adverse effects on labour or on the neonate. Always exclude pregnancy when prescribing fo ...
Monarch butterfly migration and parasite transmission in eastern
... (Danaus plexippus) and a protozoan parasite (Ophryocystis elektroscirrha) to investigate how host migration affects infectious disease processes. Previous work showed that parasite prevalence was lower among migratory than nonmigratory monarch populations; two explanations for this pattern are that ...
... (Danaus plexippus) and a protozoan parasite (Ophryocystis elektroscirrha) to investigate how host migration affects infectious disease processes. Previous work showed that parasite prevalence was lower among migratory than nonmigratory monarch populations; two explanations for this pattern are that ...
Swine Influenza A (H1N1 Virus): A Pandemic Disease
... and people. Because it is a new virus, most people’s immune systems do not know how to fight this H1N1 virus. So, many people are susceptible to becoming ill. A variant of H1N1 caused the flu pandemic of 1918.[9-17] Based on its genetic structure, the new virus is without question a type of swine in ...
... and people. Because it is a new virus, most people’s immune systems do not know how to fight this H1N1 virus. So, many people are susceptible to becoming ill. A variant of H1N1 caused the flu pandemic of 1918.[9-17] Based on its genetic structure, the new virus is without question a type of swine in ...
Pathology and pathogenesis of pancreatitis
... varies from mild to severe. Full-blown acute pancreatitis is a medical emergency of the first magnitude. These patients usually have the sudden onset of an "acute abdomen" that must be differentiated from diseases such as ruptured acute appendicitis, perforated peptic ulcer, acute cholecystitis wi ...
... varies from mild to severe. Full-blown acute pancreatitis is a medical emergency of the first magnitude. These patients usually have the sudden onset of an "acute abdomen" that must be differentiated from diseases such as ruptured acute appendicitis, perforated peptic ulcer, acute cholecystitis wi ...
Feline Infectious Peritonitis
... cats that were originally FECV negative were shedding FECV within 1 week of entering the shelter.6 ...
... cats that were originally FECV negative were shedding FECV within 1 week of entering the shelter.6 ...
View PDF - OMICS International
... provided 100% protection against spore challenge in rabbits [35]. A different study found that a novel fusion protein comprising domain 1 of LF and domain 4 of PA provided complete protection against spore challenge in mice [36]. Although we see complete protection, the amount of spores varies betwe ...
... provided 100% protection against spore challenge in rabbits [35]. A different study found that a novel fusion protein comprising domain 1 of LF and domain 4 of PA provided complete protection against spore challenge in mice [36]. Although we see complete protection, the amount of spores varies betwe ...
on Human West Nile Virus Epidemics in North
... WNV incidence, as no difference in human WNV cases per population occurred between breeding and wintering ranges of T. migratorius. It is, however, noteworthy that in all cases, peak WNV activity occurred 6-9 weeks post-solstice, and that timing in relation to solstice, or the number of days post-so ...
... WNV incidence, as no difference in human WNV cases per population occurred between breeding and wintering ranges of T. migratorius. It is, however, noteworthy that in all cases, peak WNV activity occurred 6-9 weeks post-solstice, and that timing in relation to solstice, or the number of days post-so ...
Calf diagnosis and Disease Prevention
... • Use and check colostrum status (contamination, quality). • Reject sick calves. • Aim to buy a three week old animal. • Isolate new animals on farm. • Practice good personnel hygiene e.g. foot baths placed outside calf houses, regular cleaning and disinfection of waterproof trousers/overalls/f ...
... • Use and check colostrum status (contamination, quality). • Reject sick calves. • Aim to buy a three week old animal. • Isolate new animals on farm. • Practice good personnel hygiene e.g. foot baths placed outside calf houses, regular cleaning and disinfection of waterproof trousers/overalls/f ...
Importance of conserved amino acids at the cleavage site of the
... receptors and subsequent fusion of viral and cell membranes leading to internalization of the nucleocapsid (Lamb, 1989; Wiley & Skehel, 1987). Before this process can take place, the HA molecule must undergo a low pHinduced conformational change preceded by specific cleavage of the molecule into two ...
... receptors and subsequent fusion of viral and cell membranes leading to internalization of the nucleocapsid (Lamb, 1989; Wiley & Skehel, 1987). Before this process can take place, the HA molecule must undergo a low pHinduced conformational change preceded by specific cleavage of the molecule into two ...
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infections
... despite over 50 years of anti-microbial therapy and vigorous efforts at infection control, MRSA infections are still quite common. Methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus is the most common antimicrobialresistant pathogen found in the United States, Europe, and many other parts of the world,6 it ...
... despite over 50 years of anti-microbial therapy and vigorous efforts at infection control, MRSA infections are still quite common. Methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus is the most common antimicrobialresistant pathogen found in the United States, Europe, and many other parts of the world,6 it ...
The Polio Vaccine
... Polio is a contagious disease caused by an intestinal virus that may attack nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms include fever, headache, sore throat, and vomiting. Some victims develop neurological complications, including stiffness of the neck and back, weak muscles, pain in the join ...
... Polio is a contagious disease caused by an intestinal virus that may attack nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms include fever, headache, sore throat, and vomiting. Some victims develop neurological complications, including stiffness of the neck and back, weak muscles, pain in the join ...
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
... circulate mainly outside of hospitals and are capable of causing infections in previously fit and well individuals. At present they are relatively uncommon in the UK and Ireland but they have become widespread in some parts of the world, particularly in North America and Japan. They are spread by cl ...
... circulate mainly outside of hospitals and are capable of causing infections in previously fit and well individuals. At present they are relatively uncommon in the UK and Ireland but they have become widespread in some parts of the world, particularly in North America and Japan. They are spread by cl ...
Pertussis vaccines for Australians
... vaccine if they haven’t received a dose previously. Adults ≥65 years of age should receive a dose of dTpa vaccine if they have not received one in the previous 10 years. Special risk groups Pregnant women dTpa vaccine is recommended during the third trimester of each pregnancy. The optimal time for ...
... vaccine if they haven’t received a dose previously. Adults ≥65 years of age should receive a dose of dTpa vaccine if they have not received one in the previous 10 years. Special risk groups Pregnant women dTpa vaccine is recommended during the third trimester of each pregnancy. The optimal time for ...
- Archives of Razi Institute
... 1977). It was administrated twice daily from third to ninth day's post-inoculation with dosage 100 mg/kg and caused two cats shed two and five times fewer oocysts than the control cats. We tested the safety of the effective drug dose by giving Clindamycin 20 mg/kg for an extended period of time. The ...
... 1977). It was administrated twice daily from third to ninth day's post-inoculation with dosage 100 mg/kg and caused two cats shed two and five times fewer oocysts than the control cats. We tested the safety of the effective drug dose by giving Clindamycin 20 mg/kg for an extended period of time. The ...
Diseases of eels in an international perspective: Workshop on Eel
... speaker is underlined. Bergmann SM, Wonnenmann H, Dauber M and Fichtner D (2011). Virus induced disease in eel (Anguilla anguilla) aquaculture and in wild in European waters. Workshop ...
... speaker is underlined. Bergmann SM, Wonnenmann H, Dauber M and Fichtner D (2011). Virus induced disease in eel (Anguilla anguilla) aquaculture and in wild in European waters. Workshop ...
Document
... Fluid is in the form of a cup filled just less than ½ with water. Each student will receive a cup. One or more cups will have baking soda mixed into it. Teacher will pass out the cups / decide who in the class ...
... Fluid is in the form of a cup filled just less than ½ with water. Each student will receive a cup. One or more cups will have baking soda mixed into it. Teacher will pass out the cups / decide who in the class ...
Document
... welfare. Furthermore, there is no technique allowing to measure the specific immune response in the target species. However, this is not detrimental to the demonstration of efficacy for the following reasons: -The challenge results on laboratory animals is the best reliable practice to ensure adequa ...
... welfare. Furthermore, there is no technique allowing to measure the specific immune response in the target species. However, this is not detrimental to the demonstration of efficacy for the following reasons: -The challenge results on laboratory animals is the best reliable practice to ensure adequa ...
Biofilm Of Medical Importance
... In the above section sessile growing bacteria were defined as an assemblage of cells embedded ”in a self-produced polymeric matrix”. This matrix is very important for the properties of the biofilm, since it offers great structural stability and other beneficial traits such as tolerance to antimicrob ...
... In the above section sessile growing bacteria were defined as an assemblage of cells embedded ”in a self-produced polymeric matrix”. This matrix is very important for the properties of the biofilm, since it offers great structural stability and other beneficial traits such as tolerance to antimicrob ...
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) which affects the liver. It can cause both acute and chronic infections. Many people have no symptoms during the initial infection. Some develop a rapid onset of sickness with vomiting, yellowish skin, feeling tired, dark urine and abdominal pain. Often these symptoms last a few weeks and rarely does the initial infection result in death. It may take 30 to 180 days for symptoms to begin. In those who get infected around the time of birth 90% develop chronic hepatitis B while less than 10% of those infected after the age of five do. Most of those with chronic disease have no symptoms; however, cirrhosis and liver cancer may eventually develop. These complications results in the death of 15 to 25% of those with chronic disease.The virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Infection around the time of birth or from contact with other people's blood during childhood is the most frequent method by which hepatitis B is acquired in areas where the disease is common. In areas where the disease is rare, intravenous drug use and sexual intercourse are the most frequent routes of infection. Other risk factors include working in healthcare, blood transfusions, dialysis, living with an infected person, travel in countries where the infection rate is high, and living in an institution. Tattooing and acupuncture led to a significant number of cases in the 1980s; however, this has become less common with improved sterility. The hepatitis B viruses cannot be spread by holding hands, sharing eating utensils, kissing, hugging, coughing, sneezing, or breastfeeding. The infection can be diagnosed 30 to 60 days after exposure. Diagnosis is typically by testing the blood for parts of the virus and for antibodies against the virus. It is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E.The infection has been preventable by vaccination since 1982. Vaccination is recommended by the World Health Organization in the first day of life if possible. Two or three more doses are required at a later time for full effect. This vaccine works about 95% of the time. About 180 countries gave the vaccine as part of national programs as of 2006. It is also recommended that all blood be tested for hepatitis B before transfusion and condoms be used to prevent infection. During an initial infection, care is based on the symptoms that a person has. In those who develop chronic disease antiviral medication such as tenofovir or interferon maybe useful, however these drugs are expensive. Liver transplantation is sometimes used for cirrhosis.About a third of the world population has been infected at one point in their lives, including 240 million to 350 million who have chronic infections. Over 750,000 people die of hepatitis B each year. About 300,000 of these are due to liver cancer. The disease is now only common in East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa where between 5 and 10% of adults have chronic disease. Rates in Europe and North America are less than 1%. It was originally known as serum hepatitis. Research is looking to create foods that contain HBV vaccine. The disease may affect other great apes as well.