Microbial risks to humans in Estonia in association with non
... enterocolitica and causes infections of the intestinal tract in many animal species. The illness may not have any symptoms in animals, but in the case of cattle it has been associated with miscarriage, pneumonia and mastitis in addition to enteritis (Shwimmer et al., 2007). Y. pseudotuberculosis als ...
... enterocolitica and causes infections of the intestinal tract in many animal species. The illness may not have any symptoms in animals, but in the case of cattle it has been associated with miscarriage, pneumonia and mastitis in addition to enteritis (Shwimmer et al., 2007). Y. pseudotuberculosis als ...
How To Weaponize Anthrax? - Eastern Journal of Medicine
... Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis), the bacterium that causes anthrax, is one of the most serious of the biological agents that may be used as weapons. Anthrax occurs in domesticated and wild animals-primarily herbivores including goats, sheeps, cattles, horses and swines. Humans usually become infec ...
... Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis), the bacterium that causes anthrax, is one of the most serious of the biological agents that may be used as weapons. Anthrax occurs in domesticated and wild animals-primarily herbivores including goats, sheeps, cattles, horses and swines. Humans usually become infec ...
Childhood Cervical Lymphadenopathy
... condition most commonly represents a transient response to a benign local or generalized infection, but occasionally it might herald the presence of a more serious disorder. Acute bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy usually is caused by a viral upper respiratory tract infection or streptococcal phary ...
... condition most commonly represents a transient response to a benign local or generalized infection, but occasionally it might herald the presence of a more serious disorder. Acute bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy usually is caused by a viral upper respiratory tract infection or streptococcal phary ...
File - Mary Jacobs RN
... al., 2005). Every patient, healthcare worker, and family member should practice good hand hygiene to prevent the hand-to-hand spread of MRSA. If handling any secretions from a MRSA patient a mask should be worn. Use of gloves and gowns is an effective preventative measure. Standard and contact preca ...
... al., 2005). Every patient, healthcare worker, and family member should practice good hand hygiene to prevent the hand-to-hand spread of MRSA. If handling any secretions from a MRSA patient a mask should be worn. Use of gloves and gowns is an effective preventative measure. Standard and contact preca ...
Infectious Disease Outbreaks in Nursing Homes: An Unappreciated
... for 48% of all outbreaks reported [8]. In a 3-year study involving active surveillance for respiratory outbreaks in 5 Canadian nursing homes, Loeb and colleagues [11] identified 16 outbreaks prospectively and 30 outbreaks retrospectively. Outbreaks occurred during 9% of all resident-care days and ac ...
... for 48% of all outbreaks reported [8]. In a 3-year study involving active surveillance for respiratory outbreaks in 5 Canadian nursing homes, Loeb and colleagues [11] identified 16 outbreaks prospectively and 30 outbreaks retrospectively. Outbreaks occurred during 9% of all resident-care days and ac ...
Hepatitis A virus - Food Standards Australia New Zealand
... in their growing areas (e.g. shellfish), or during irrigation (e.g. crops), usually by coming into contact with sewage polluted water. Food can also be contaminated by infected food handlers. Infected food handlers may contaminate foods directly or contaminate surfaces on which foods are prepared. A ...
... in their growing areas (e.g. shellfish), or during irrigation (e.g. crops), usually by coming into contact with sewage polluted water. Food can also be contaminated by infected food handlers. Infected food handlers may contaminate foods directly or contaminate surfaces on which foods are prepared. A ...
Report 15/2016
... over 2014. Approximately one half of CPE infections had been acquired abroad. Increasing antimicrobial resistance poses one of the most serious threats to modern medicine. ...
... over 2014. Approximately one half of CPE infections had been acquired abroad. Increasing antimicrobial resistance poses one of the most serious threats to modern medicine. ...
Murine Typhus: An Unrecognized Suburban Vectorborne Disease
... cat flea is prevalent worldwide and is an indiscriminate feeder. It commonly parasitizes cats, dogs, opossums, and many animals of similar size, but it will readily switch to different hosts and will readily bite humans [9, 11, 22]. Studies of the presence of R. felis in the suburban cycle have foun ...
... cat flea is prevalent worldwide and is an indiscriminate feeder. It commonly parasitizes cats, dogs, opossums, and many animals of similar size, but it will readily switch to different hosts and will readily bite humans [9, 11, 22]. Studies of the presence of R. felis in the suburban cycle have foun ...
IDEXX IBR gE Ab Test Differentiates between marker
... after virus reactivation. Confirmation of exposure to BHV-1 is facilitated by a measurement of antibody. When used in IBR control programs together with gE-deleted vaccines, the IDEXX IBR gE Ab Test can be an effective differential test for distinguishing naturally infected animals from vaccinated a ...
... after virus reactivation. Confirmation of exposure to BHV-1 is facilitated by a measurement of antibody. When used in IBR control programs together with gE-deleted vaccines, the IDEXX IBR gE Ab Test can be an effective differential test for distinguishing naturally infected animals from vaccinated a ...
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infections
... identified just a few years after these antibiotics were first widely used during the mid 20th century or so (in the case of MRSA, 1961). But despite over 50 years of anti-microbial therapy and vigorous efforts at infection control, MRSA infections are still quite common. Methicillinresistant Staphy ...
... identified just a few years after these antibiotics were first widely used during the mid 20th century or so (in the case of MRSA, 1961). But despite over 50 years of anti-microbial therapy and vigorous efforts at infection control, MRSA infections are still quite common. Methicillinresistant Staphy ...
Appendix 2: Zika Virus Factsheet
... No specific treatment is available for ZIKV infection. Most symptomatic cases are selflimiting, with oral fluids and analgesia given acutely. Aspirin and other non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) should be avoided until dengue can be ruled out, in order to reduce the risk of haemorrhage. Z ...
... No specific treatment is available for ZIKV infection. Most symptomatic cases are selflimiting, with oral fluids and analgesia given acutely. Aspirin and other non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) should be avoided until dengue can be ruled out, in order to reduce the risk of haemorrhage. Z ...
HERPESVIRIDAE
... 70m and death at 25m. Amino acids at 3 positions, 136, 154 and 171 are important. Resistance is dominant and 171 is the most important amino acid. ...
... 70m and death at 25m. Amino acids at 3 positions, 136, 154 and 171 are important. Resistance is dominant and 171 is the most important amino acid. ...
Toxoplasma gondii infection in meat animals from
... Toxoplasmosis, especially cerebral toxoplasmosis has become the most common opportunistic infection of the central nervous system during HIV infection in the world [10,11]. Africa is the most continent affected by HIV/AIDS infection that affects about 30 million people on the continent [16]. Unlucki ...
... Toxoplasmosis, especially cerebral toxoplasmosis has become the most common opportunistic infection of the central nervous system during HIV infection in the world [10,11]. Africa is the most continent affected by HIV/AIDS infection that affects about 30 million people on the continent [16]. Unlucki ...
Document
... the University of Ibadan, Nigeria and his PhD degree in Molecular Biology from Humboldt-University Berlin, Germany. Subsequently, he completed postdoctoral research training at Meharry Medical College in the laboratory of Dr. Fernando Villalta. Dr. Nde’s overall research interest focuses on “host pa ...
... the University of Ibadan, Nigeria and his PhD degree in Molecular Biology from Humboldt-University Berlin, Germany. Subsequently, he completed postdoctoral research training at Meharry Medical College in the laboratory of Dr. Fernando Villalta. Dr. Nde’s overall research interest focuses on “host pa ...
Mycobacterium bovis: Characteristics of Wildlife Reservoir Hosts
... populations (Haydon et al., 2002). In short, using both descriptors, maintenance host populations are those with R0 ≥ 1, or above CCS. Non-maintenance host populations are those with R0 < 1, or below CCS. It should be noted that thresholds such as R0 and CCS are not abrupt. They are also difficult t ...
... populations (Haydon et al., 2002). In short, using both descriptors, maintenance host populations are those with R0 ≥ 1, or above CCS. Non-maintenance host populations are those with R0 < 1, or below CCS. It should be noted that thresholds such as R0 and CCS are not abrupt. They are also difficult t ...
Public Health Action in Emergencies Caused by
... industrial food processing. Some of the increase, however, may be apparent rather than real, since better medical and epidemiological coverage in developing countries has improved the surveillance of these diseases, and outbreaks are now reported that would formerly have gone unnoticed. These reason ...
... industrial food processing. Some of the increase, however, may be apparent rather than real, since better medical and epidemiological coverage in developing countries has improved the surveillance of these diseases, and outbreaks are now reported that would formerly have gone unnoticed. These reason ...
Quantification of the effect of control strategies on classical swine
... Classical swine fever (CSF) is a viral disease of swine [1]. The entry of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) into populations of non-vaccinated domestic pigs can cause large epidemics. Nonetheless, the domestic pig population of the European Union (EU) is not preventively vaccinated against CSFV, be ...
... Classical swine fever (CSF) is a viral disease of swine [1]. The entry of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) into populations of non-vaccinated domestic pigs can cause large epidemics. Nonetheless, the domestic pig population of the European Union (EU) is not preventively vaccinated against CSFV, be ...
Trichinosis
Trichinosis, trichinellosis or trichiniasis is a parasitic disease caused by roundworms of the genus Trichinella. Several subspecies cause human disease, but T. spiralis is the most known. Infection may occur without symptoms, while intestinal invasion can cause diarrhea, abdominal pain or vomiting. Larval migration into muscle tissue (one week after being infected) can cause edema of the face or around the eyes, conjunctivitis, fever, muscle pains, splinter hemorrhages, rashes, and peripheral eosinophilia. Life-threatening cases can result in myocarditis, central nervous system involvement, and pneumonitis. Larval encystment in the muscles causes pain and weakness, followed by slow progression of symptoms.Trichinosis is mainly caused by eating undercooked meat containing encysted larval Trichinella. In the stomach the larvae are exposed to stomach acid and pepsin which releases them from their cysts. They then start invading wall of the small intestine, where they develop into adult worms. Females are 2.2 mm in length; males 1.2 mm. The life span in the small intestine is about four weeks. After 1 week, the females release more larvae that migrate to voluntarily controlled muscles where they encyst. Diagnosis is usually made based on symptoms, and is confirmed by serology or by finding encysted or non-encysted larvae in biopsy or autopsy samples.The best way to prevent trichinellosis is to cook meat to safe temperatures. Using food thermometers can make sure the temperature inside the meat is high enough to kill the parasites. The meat should not be tasted until it is completely cooked. Once infection has been verified treatment with antiparasitic drugs such as albendazole or mebendazole should be started at once. A fast response may help kill adult worms and thereby stop further release of larvae. Once the larvae have established in muscle cells, usually by 3 to 4 weeks after infection, treatment may not completely get rid of the infection or symptoms. Both drugs are considered safe but have been associated with side effects such as bone marrow suppression. Patients on longer courses should be monitored though regular blood counts to detect adverse effects quickly and then discontinue treatment. Both medicines should be treated with caution during pregnancy or children under the age of 2 years, but the WHO weighs the benefits of treatment higher than the risks. In addition to antiparasitic medication, treatment with steroids is sometimes required in severe cases.Trichinosis can be acquired by eating both domestic and wild animals, but is not soil-transmitted.