File - Imperium
... Read most modern histories of Rome or biographies of the lives of Julius Caesar and Cleopatra and you will be told that Caesar “dallied” in Egypt with Cleopatra for several months in 48-47 B.C., following his defeat of Pompey the Great at the Battle of Pharsalus. What those books don’t tell you is t ...
... Read most modern histories of Rome or biographies of the lives of Julius Caesar and Cleopatra and you will be told that Caesar “dallied” in Egypt with Cleopatra for several months in 48-47 B.C., following his defeat of Pompey the Great at the Battle of Pharsalus. What those books don’t tell you is t ...
Power and Status in the Roman Empire, AD 193-284
... Table E. The Acilii (Glabriones et Aviolae) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table E. The Anicii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table E. The Bruttii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
... Table E. The Acilii (Glabriones et Aviolae) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table E. The Anicii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table E. The Bruttii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
Power and Status in the Roman Empire, ad 193–284
... Table E. The Acilii (Glabriones et Aviolae) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table E. The Anicii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table E. The Bruttii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
... Table E. The Acilii (Glabriones et Aviolae) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table E. The Anicii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table E. The Bruttii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
74938 - Radboud Repository
... Translations are taken from the LCL, unless otherwise noted. The numbering of Dio‟s Roman History follows the LCL edition. „193/205‟ means that a person held a post for an unspecified period between 193 and 205. „193-205‟ means that a person held an office from 193 until 205. ...
... Translations are taken from the LCL, unless otherwise noted. The numbering of Dio‟s Roman History follows the LCL edition. „193/205‟ means that a person held a post for an unspecified period between 193 and 205. „193-205‟ means that a person held an office from 193 until 205. ...
Caesar`s Legion: The Epic Saga of Julius Caesar`s Elite
... rising in a clear sky on the mild morning of March 17, 45 b.c. After sixteen years of battles in Spain, France, Belgium, Holland, Germany, Albania, Greece, and North Africa, and having invaded Britain twice, Julius Caesar’s 10th Legion had come full circle, back to its home territory, to fight the b ...
... rising in a clear sky on the mild morning of March 17, 45 b.c. After sixteen years of battles in Spain, France, Belgium, Holland, Germany, Albania, Greece, and North Africa, and having invaded Britain twice, Julius Caesar’s 10th Legion had come full circle, back to its home territory, to fight the b ...
i THE GOLDEN AGE OF ROME: AUGUSTUS` PROGRAM TO
... about Augustus,” with great Roman historians such as Sir Ronald Syme on the Tacitean side, and others such as Theodor Mommsen on the Vergilian and Horatian side. 4 Using evidence from a variety of contemporary sources, I intend to show that Augustus did in fact work to bring about the Age of Gold t ...
... about Augustus,” with great Roman historians such as Sir Ronald Syme on the Tacitean side, and others such as Theodor Mommsen on the Vergilian and Horatian side. 4 Using evidence from a variety of contemporary sources, I intend to show that Augustus did in fact work to bring about the Age of Gold t ...
Augustus - Net Texts
... at the Battle of Actium by the fleet of Octavian commanded by Agrippa in 31 BC. After the demise of the Second Triumvirate, Octavian restored the outward facade of the Roman Republic, with governmental power vested in the Roman Senate, but in practice retained his autocratic power. It took several y ...
... at the Battle of Actium by the fleet of Octavian commanded by Agrippa in 31 BC. After the demise of the Second Triumvirate, Octavian restored the outward facade of the Roman Republic, with governmental power vested in the Roman Senate, but in practice retained his autocratic power. It took several y ...
Spartacus - dirkcannaerts.be
... were already engaged in fighting a revolt in Hispania and the Third Mithridatic War. Furthermore, the Romans considered the rebellion more of a policing matter than a war. Rome dispatched militia under the command of praetor Gaius Claudius Glaber, which besieged Spartacus and his camp on Mount Vesuv ...
... were already engaged in fighting a revolt in Hispania and the Third Mithridatic War. Furthermore, the Romans considered the rebellion more of a policing matter than a war. Rome dispatched militia under the command of praetor Gaius Claudius Glaber, which besieged Spartacus and his camp on Mount Vesuv ...
The Role of the Visual Arts in the Transition from Republic to Empire
... Battle of Actium in 33 BCE consists mostly of coinage (Fig. 4-5). 20 The portrait type exhibited in these objects displays a younger man with slightly unkempt hair, a large forehead with an even larger nose, a small mouth, irregular and bony facial proportions, and a firm expression. He is youthful ...
... Battle of Actium in 33 BCE consists mostly of coinage (Fig. 4-5). 20 The portrait type exhibited in these objects displays a younger man with slightly unkempt hair, a large forehead with an even larger nose, a small mouth, irregular and bony facial proportions, and a firm expression. He is youthful ...
Augustus - Hirhome.com
... authority,” he wielded complete, absolute, undisputed, total power. But the second part establishes that Augustus was obsessed with setting up a dynasty. (I remind you that Boatwright et al. began by assuring us that Augustus avoided “autocracy…[with] leanings towards dynasty.”) Now, in what society ...
... authority,” he wielded complete, absolute, undisputed, total power. But the second part establishes that Augustus was obsessed with setting up a dynasty. (I remind you that Boatwright et al. began by assuring us that Augustus avoided “autocracy…[with] leanings towards dynasty.”) Now, in what society ...
The Ara Pacis Augustae: Visual Rhetoric in Augustus
... As Augustus indicates, the Ara Pacis was a celebration of his own military success, but it also functioned to garner support for the Julian line and for Augustus’s successor. This second function follows an established and widespread statesponsored campaign to create a political myth connecting the ...
... As Augustus indicates, the Ara Pacis was a celebration of his own military success, but it also functioned to garner support for the Julian line and for Augustus’s successor. This second function follows an established and widespread statesponsored campaign to create a political myth connecting the ...
The Politics of Art: The View of Actium in the Aeneid
... the dog Anubis. Not only is Antony associated with Egypt and its gods, but the god pictured is a mere dog (accompanied by "[w]eird gods, fan tastic shapes" (8.698)) compared to the Roman gods in human form. Then there is Cleopatra, the "Gypsy Queen." She is never men tioned by name, but she does s ...
... the dog Anubis. Not only is Antony associated with Egypt and its gods, but the god pictured is a mere dog (accompanied by "[w]eird gods, fan tastic shapes" (8.698)) compared to the Roman gods in human form. Then there is Cleopatra, the "Gypsy Queen." She is never men tioned by name, but she does s ...
Augustus` Divine Authority and Vergil`s "Aeneid"
... courage, clemency, justice, and piety. Although Augustus claimed to have restored the res publica and to have become only primus inter pares, he effectively centralized unusual power in his own person. For example, he retained the consulship each year from 3 1 to 23 ВСЕ. He enjoyed the tribunician s ...
... courage, clemency, justice, and piety. Although Augustus claimed to have restored the res publica and to have become only primus inter pares, he effectively centralized unusual power in his own person. For example, he retained the consulship each year from 3 1 to 23 ВСЕ. He enjoyed the tribunician s ...
- onehome
... religious and legal; power was their birthright because only they had the expertise in these important fields. The plebeians were their dependents, relying on them for advice, financial help, and legal and religious assistance. The plebeians, however, constituted a large and varied group of citizens ...
... religious and legal; power was their birthright because only they had the expertise in these important fields. The plebeians were their dependents, relying on them for advice, financial help, and legal and religious assistance. The plebeians, however, constituted a large and varied group of citizens ...
A COMPANION TO THE ROMAN ARMY Edited by
... Royal Images in The Ancient Near East, Greece and Rome (2005). Peter Herz studied history, classics, and archaeology at the universities of Mainz and Oxford. He received both his D.Phil. and habilitation in ancient history at the University of Mainz. In 1994 he was appointed Professor of Ancient His ...
... Royal Images in The Ancient Near East, Greece and Rome (2005). Peter Herz studied history, classics, and archaeology at the universities of Mainz and Oxford. He received both his D.Phil. and habilitation in ancient history at the University of Mainz. In 1994 he was appointed Professor of Ancient His ...
AH2 option 2 Augustus
... Augustus’ house was situated directly above the site celebrated and sanctified as the wolf’s cave see http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7104330.stm ). Augustus was very keenly aware of Roman history and traditions, and how they could be exploited. Livy was writing his monumental history of Rom ...
... Augustus’ house was situated directly above the site celebrated and sanctified as the wolf’s cave see http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7104330.stm ). Augustus was very keenly aware of Roman history and traditions, and how they could be exploited. Livy was writing his monumental history of Rom ...
A rough schedule
... monuments to historical figures played a key role in Augustus’ Forum. Dionysius of Halicarnassus was also directly contemporary, as of course was Virgil’s Aeneid. Teaching ideas: The first few sentences of Tacitus’ Annals [1.1 = LACTOR Section F, page 83] would provide a very useful and source-based ...
... monuments to historical figures played a key role in Augustus’ Forum. Dionysius of Halicarnassus was also directly contemporary, as of course was Virgil’s Aeneid. Teaching ideas: The first few sentences of Tacitus’ Annals [1.1 = LACTOR Section F, page 83] would provide a very useful and source-based ...
(Part 5a)-History Legio XIIII GMV
... Marcomanni in Czechia (modern Bohemia), with the territory linking the Danube and the Elbe being the strategic objective. The addition of Marcomanni lands would consolidate the frontier of the Roman Empire in one uninterrupted line from east to west along the courses of the two rivers. Augustus’ son ...
... Marcomanni in Czechia (modern Bohemia), with the territory linking the Danube and the Elbe being the strategic objective. The addition of Marcomanni lands would consolidate the frontier of the Roman Empire in one uninterrupted line from east to west along the courses of the two rivers. Augustus’ son ...
last modified, 15 July 2009
... importantly, there is no mention of separate allied or Latin forces from Italy following the Social War18. Perhaps between 88 and 87 BC there would have been confusion as to how one might levy troops from individual cities that had not yet passed the local statutes required to take up Roman citizens ...
... importantly, there is no mention of separate allied or Latin forces from Italy following the Social War18. Perhaps between 88 and 87 BC there would have been confusion as to how one might levy troops from individual cities that had not yet passed the local statutes required to take up Roman citizens ...
Augustus Program and Abstracts
... Augustan poets have been the subject of other studies (among many Judge, 1985/2008; Kellum, 1985/2008; Galinsky, 1996). Velleius’ near-contemporary Manilius’ reception of Augustan history-making has also received attention (Chambers, 2005/6; Geiger, 2008; Abry, 2011). This paper offers a reconsidera ...
... Augustan poets have been the subject of other studies (among many Judge, 1985/2008; Kellum, 1985/2008; Galinsky, 1996). Velleius’ near-contemporary Manilius’ reception of Augustan history-making has also received attention (Chambers, 2005/6; Geiger, 2008; Abry, 2011). This paper offers a reconsidera ...
augustus Q - Orion Books
... his legacy. He was the first emperor, the man who finally replaced a Republic which had lasted for almost half a millennium with a veiled monarchy. The system he created gave the empire some 250 years of stability, when it was both larger and more prosperous than at any other time. In the third cent ...
... his legacy. He was the first emperor, the man who finally replaced a Republic which had lasted for almost half a millennium with a veiled monarchy. The system he created gave the empire some 250 years of stability, when it was both larger and more prosperous than at any other time. In the third cent ...
Augustus - Krystallnacht
... be finally settled by weapons. In October and November 42 bc, at Philippi in northern Greece, the republican armies, under the leadership of Brutus and Cassius, were defeated in two bloody massacres, in which both leaders died. There was no one left to mount an effective defense of the old republic. ...
... be finally settled by weapons. In October and November 42 bc, at Philippi in northern Greece, the republican armies, under the leadership of Brutus and Cassius, were defeated in two bloody massacres, in which both leaders died. There was no one left to mount an effective defense of the old republic. ...
The monuments dedicated to the reign of Emperor Trajan
... by the Dacians to Trajan. Only one quarter of the narration depicts battles, while the remaining panels depict scenes of preparation and other activities. The heavy emphasis on preparation, instead of battle, emphasizes the Roman's organization and the power behind the army. The visual narration is ...
... by the Dacians to Trajan. Only one quarter of the narration depicts battles, while the remaining panels depict scenes of preparation and other activities. The heavy emphasis on preparation, instead of battle, emphasizes the Roman's organization and the power behind the army. The visual narration is ...
Studies of power: The Augustine Principate
... dictator. In his Res Gestae, he stated that, ‘of power I possessed no more than those who were my colleagues.’ However, examination of Augustus’ political life disproves his claims. Despite the façade of Republican government which existed during the Augustan Principate, supreme power was in fact he ...
... dictator. In his Res Gestae, he stated that, ‘of power I possessed no more than those who were my colleagues.’ However, examination of Augustus’ political life disproves his claims. Despite the façade of Republican government which existed during the Augustan Principate, supreme power was in fact he ...
the rise of the roman republic the rise of the roman
... Important Rules Note: Whenever you see the word Legion in the rules, it means the combat units associated with both the RL and AL elements of the same Legion. HISTORICAL & DESIGN NOTE: The “paper” numerical strength of legions varied from decade to decade, consul to consul, campaign to campaign, bat ...
... Important Rules Note: Whenever you see the word Legion in the rules, it means the combat units associated with both the RL and AL elements of the same Legion. HISTORICAL & DESIGN NOTE: The “paper” numerical strength of legions varied from decade to decade, consul to consul, campaign to campaign, bat ...
Imperial Roman army
The imperial Roman army was the standing force deployed by the Roman Empire during the Principate era (30 BC – AD 284). Under the founder–emperor Augustus (ruled 30 BC – AD 14 ), the legions, which were formations numbering about 5,000 heavy infantry recruited from the ranks of Roman citizens only, were transformed from mixed conscript and volunteer corps soldiers serving an average of 10 years, to all-volunteer units of long-term professionals serving a standard 25-year term. (Conscription was only decreed in emergencies.) In the later 1st century, the size of a legion's First Cohort was doubled, increasing the strength of a legion to about 5,500.To complement the legions, Augustus established the auxilia, a regular corps with numbers similar to those of the legions, but recruited from the peregrini or non-citizen inhabitants of the empire. Peregrini constituted approximately 90 percent of the Empire's population in the 1st century. In addition to large numbers of heavy infantry equipped in a similar manner to legionaries, the auxilia provided virtually all the army's cavalry, light infantry, archers and other specialists. The auxilia were organised in units about 500 strong. These units were termed cohortes if they consisted of infantry, alae if they consisted of cavalry and cohortes equitatae if they were composed of infantry with a cavalry contingent attached.Until about AD 68, the auxilia were recruited by a mix of conscription and voluntary enlistment. After that time, the auxilia also became largely a volunteer corps, with conscription resorted to only in emergencies. Auxiliaries were required to serve a minimum of 25 years, although many served for longer periods. On completion of their minimum term, auxiliaries were awarded Roman citizenship, which carried important legal, fiscal and social advantages. Around AD 80, a minority of auxiliary regiments were doubled in size.Alongside the regular forces, the army of the Principate employed allied native units (called numeri) from outside the Empire on a mercenary basis. These were led by their own aristocrats and equipped in traditional fashion. Numbers fluctuated according to circumstances and are largely unknown.As all-citizen formations, and symbolic protectors of the dominance of the Italian ""master-nation"", legions enjoyed greater social prestige than the auxilia for much of the Principate. This was reflected in better pay and benefits. In addition, legionaries were equipped with more expensive and protective armour than auxiliaries, notably the lorica segmentata, or laminated-strip armour. However, in 212, the Emperor Caracalla granted Roman citizenship to nearly all the Empire's freeborn inhabitants. At this point, the distinction between legions and auxilia became moot, the latter becoming all-citizen units also. The change was reflected in the disappearance, during the 3rd century, of legionaries' special equipment, and the progressive break-up of legions into cohort-sized units like the auxilia.By the end of Augustus' reign, the imperial army numbered some 250,000 men, equally split between 25 legions and 250 units of auxiliaries. The numbers grew to a peak of about 450,000 by 211, in 33 legions and about 400 auxiliary units. By then, auxiliaries outnumbered legionaries substantially. From this peak, numbers probably underwent a steep decline by 270 due to plague and losses during multiple major barbarian invasions. Numbers were restored to their early 2nd-century level of c. 400,000 (but probably not to their 211 peak) under Diocletian (r. 284-305). After the Empire's borders became settled (on the Rhine-Danube line in Europe) by AD 68, virtually all military units (except the Praetorian Guard) were stationed on or near the borders, in roughly 17 of the 42 provinces of the empire in the reign of Hadrian (r. 117–138).The military chain of command was relatively flat. In each province, the deployed legions' legati (legion commanders, who also controlled the auxiliary units attached to their legion) reported to the legatus Augusti pro praetore (provincial governor), who also headed the civil administration. The governor in turn reported directly to the Emperor in Rome. There was no general staff in Rome, but the leading praefectus praetorio (commander of the Praetorian Guard) often acted as the Emperor's de facto military chief-of-staff.Compared to the subsistence-level peasant families from which they mostly originated, legionary rankers enjoyed considerable disposable income, enhanced by periodical cash bonuses on special occasions such as the accession of a new emperor. In addition, on completion of their term of service, they were given a generous discharge bonus equivalent to 13 years' salary. Auxiliaries were paid much less in the early 1st century, but by 100 AD, the differential had virtually disappeared. Similarly, in the earlier period, auxiliaries appear not to have received cash and discharge bonuses, but probably did so from the reign of Hadrian onwards. Junior officers (principales), the equivalent of non-commissioned officers in modern armies, could expect to earn up to twice basic pay. Legionary centurions, the equivalent of senior warrant officers, were organised in an elaborate hierarchy. Usually promoted from the ranks, they commanded the legion's tactical sub-units of centuriae (about 80 men) and cohorts (about 480 men). They were paid several multiples of basic pay. The most senior centurion, the primus pilus, was automatically elevated to equestrian rank on completion of his single-year term of office. The senior officers of the army, the legati legionis (legion commanders), tribuni militum (legion staff officers) and the praefecti (commanders of auxiliary regiments) were all of at least equestrian rank. In the 1st and early 2nd centuries, they were mainly Italian aristocrats performing the military component of their cursus honorum (conventional career-path). Later, provincial career officers became predominant. Senior officers were paid enormous salaries, multiples of at least 50 times a soldier's basic pay.Soldiers spent only a fraction of their lives on campaign. Most of their time was spent on routine military duties such as training, patrolling, and maintenance of equipment. Soldiers also played an important role outside the military sphere. They performed the function of a provincial governor's police force. As a large, disciplined and skilled force of fit men, they played a crucial role in the construction of a province's military and civil infrastructure. In addition to constructing forts and fortified defences such as Hadrian's Wall, they built roads, bridges, ports, public buildings and entire new cities (colonia), and cleared forests and drained marshes to expand a province's available arable land.Soldiers, mostly drawn from polytheistic societies, enjoyed wide freedom of worship in the polytheistic Roman system. Only a few cults were banned by the Roman authorities, as being incompatible with the official Roman religion or being politically subversive, notably Druidism and Christianity. The later Principate saw the rise in popularity among the military of Eastern mystery cults, generally centred on one deity, and involving secret rituals divulged only to initiates. By far the most popular cult in the army was Mithraism, an apparently syncretist cult which mainly originated in Asia Minor.