The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
... legions are able to fight off the first couple of waves of German infantry with as much as tens of thousands lost, and began to establish a camp which held out for a day. Night fell and morning passed the battle has lasted 3 days. Varus decides that in order to survive they must move out. But again ...
... legions are able to fight off the first couple of waves of German infantry with as much as tens of thousands lost, and began to establish a camp which held out for a day. Night fell and morning passed the battle has lasted 3 days. Varus decides that in order to survive they must move out. But again ...
AUGUSTUS/PAX ROMANA NOTES AFTER CAESAR • After
... Powerful Roman leaders fought for control One of these leaders was Octavian o Octavian was great-nephew and adopted son of Caesar 27 B.C., Octavian and forces are victorious in Civil War o Octavian becomes unchallenged ruler of Rome Octavian takes the name of Augustus o Augustus means “exalted one” ...
... Powerful Roman leaders fought for control One of these leaders was Octavian o Octavian was great-nephew and adopted son of Caesar 27 B.C., Octavian and forces are victorious in Civil War o Octavian becomes unchallenged ruler of Rome Octavian takes the name of Augustus o Augustus means “exalted one” ...
Document C: Augustus (Modified)
... arrangement the senators would be unarmed and unprepared for battle, while he alone had arms and maintained soldiers. Octavian was destined to have absolute control of all matters for all time. When his ten-year period came to an end, he was voted for another five years, then five more, after that t ...
... arrangement the senators would be unarmed and unprepared for battle, while he alone had arms and maintained soldiers. Octavian was destined to have absolute control of all matters for all time. When his ten-year period came to an end, he was voted for another five years, then five more, after that t ...
Gergovia - C3i Ops Center
... Caesar decided to attack Gergovia from the smaller camp. The Legionaires had to run uphill for about 1 km with a rise of 300 meters. Caesar specified that the aim of the attack was to occupy some positions near the walls and not to take Gergovia itself, given the obvious inferiority of the Roman Arm ...
... Caesar decided to attack Gergovia from the smaller camp. The Legionaires had to run uphill for about 1 km with a rise of 300 meters. Caesar specified that the aim of the attack was to occupy some positions near the walls and not to take Gergovia itself, given the obvious inferiority of the Roman Arm ...
Diocletian`s Military Reforms - Acta Universitatis Sapientiae
... which lasted up to the 3rd century.9 The new military organisation enabled the Emperor to have complete rule over the Empire. For the sake of his reforms, Augustus directed a particular part of the state budget the financing of the entire military system, what represented the most important step for ...
... which lasted up to the 3rd century.9 The new military organisation enabled the Emperor to have complete rule over the Empire. For the sake of his reforms, Augustus directed a particular part of the state budget the financing of the entire military system, what represented the most important step for ...
The Doctrine of the Praetorian Guard - Wenstrom
... were cashiered two tribunes of the Praetorian Guard, Antonius Taurus and Antonius Naso, an officer of the City cohorts, Emilius Pacensis, and one of the watch, Julius Fronto” (Histories 1.20). The Jewish historian Josephus uses the Greek word praetorian for the band of soldiers who were the “purest ...
... were cashiered two tribunes of the Praetorian Guard, Antonius Taurus and Antonius Naso, an officer of the City cohorts, Emilius Pacensis, and one of the watch, Julius Fronto” (Histories 1.20). The Jewish historian Josephus uses the Greek word praetorian for the band of soldiers who were the “purest ...
ROME Quotes - RedfieldAncient
... increasingly from the lower classes, saw the blurring of the different types of infantry. o Many soldiers were too poor to afford their own equipment and were thus given standard-issue army equipment. As a result the distinctions between the hasttiti, principes and triarii began to blur o In additio ...
... increasingly from the lower classes, saw the blurring of the different types of infantry. o Many soldiers were too poor to afford their own equipment and were thus given standard-issue army equipment. As a result the distinctions between the hasttiti, principes and triarii began to blur o In additio ...
Polybian Romans - Aventine Miniatures
... (shield), a long, stout leather-faced wooden shield with a metal boss. In close ighting, the legionary depended upon a stabbing sword, most likely the famous gladius hispanienis (Spanish sword). he third class were the principes, men in the prime of life and likely to be similarly, but perhaps more ...
... (shield), a long, stout leather-faced wooden shield with a metal boss. In close ighting, the legionary depended upon a stabbing sword, most likely the famous gladius hispanienis (Spanish sword). he third class were the principes, men in the prime of life and likely to be similarly, but perhaps more ...
Military service and cultural identity in the auxilia. In
... status under Roman law. Over time, increasing numbers of citizens did join the alae and cohortes, but it was not until the edict of Caracalla in 212 that the citizenship distinction between the auxilia and the legions became redundant. ...
... status under Roman law. Over time, increasing numbers of citizens did join the alae and cohortes, but it was not until the edict of Caracalla in 212 that the citizenship distinction between the auxilia and the legions became redundant. ...
EMPERORS OF ROME
... and his father’s cousin, Trajan who became Emperor in 98 A.D. When Trajan became seriously ill and died, Hadrian was officially adopted by Trajan to be the heir. However, no official papers were produced and brought to Rome until two days before the Emperor’s death and these documents were long ...
... and his father’s cousin, Trajan who became Emperor in 98 A.D. When Trajan became seriously ill and died, Hadrian was officially adopted by Trajan to be the heir. However, no official papers were produced and brought to Rome until two days before the Emperor’s death and these documents were long ...
Cingulum with mixed volcano type plates model - LEGIO
... general was erected in Mainz. (The remains are still visible.) The legionary base-castra, has been discovered in the part of Mainz.It measured about 36 ha an offered accommodation for two legions. Their names are not known, but I Germanica and V Alaudae are among the more plausible candidates. Howev ...
... general was erected in Mainz. (The remains are still visible.) The legionary base-castra, has been discovered in the part of Mainz.It measured about 36 ha an offered accommodation for two legions. Their names are not known, but I Germanica and V Alaudae are among the more plausible candidates. Howev ...
What was life like in the Roman army? - Hom
... Were soldiers paid for their service? By the 4th Century BC soldiers received money to pay for food and equipment Soldiers received extra money from emperors to keep them loyal ...
... Were soldiers paid for their service? By the 4th Century BC soldiers received money to pay for food and equipment Soldiers received extra money from emperors to keep them loyal ...
The Roman Centurion in the Time of Jesus Christ
... government. These primitive warrior societies would put men into the field whom would fight Caesar’s legionaries bravely, but they had little discipline, could not stay in the field for extended periods because they had no logistics infrastructure, and would frequently try to win everything in one p ...
... government. These primitive warrior societies would put men into the field whom would fight Caesar’s legionaries bravely, but they had little discipline, could not stay in the field for extended periods because they had no logistics infrastructure, and would frequently try to win everything in one p ...
The Roman Army: Strategy, Tactics, and Innovation
... [Roman Legionaries] whose heavy armour and stationary tactics were adapted to level ground. Thus the struggle had been far from equal, when they parted and made off for their respective camps. Hardly any of the Spaniards had been hurt, but the Romans had lost a considerable number of their men” (Liv ...
... [Roman Legionaries] whose heavy armour and stationary tactics were adapted to level ground. Thus the struggle had been far from equal, when they parted and made off for their respective camps. Hardly any of the Spaniards had been hurt, but the Romans had lost a considerable number of their men” (Liv ...
The Romans used great public projects to make the city
... Caesar Augustus With the death of Julius Caesar in 44 BC, his adopted son Octavian became the sole ruler of Rome. Octavian took measures to earn the loyalty of the Roman army. He encouraged the soldiers to retire from the army by providing them with land. Once the soldiers retired, Octavian did not ...
... Caesar Augustus With the death of Julius Caesar in 44 BC, his adopted son Octavian became the sole ruler of Rome. Octavian took measures to earn the loyalty of the Roman army. He encouraged the soldiers to retire from the army by providing them with land. Once the soldiers retired, Octavian did not ...
Belegstelle: CEACelio 00003
... Severus Alexander (222-235). From that moment on, it guarded the road from Damascus to Palmyra. One of its commanders was Publius Licinius Valerianus, who was emperor between 253 and 260. A unit made up from soldiers of III Gallica and I Illyricorum was active in Egypt in 315-316. A comparable unit ...
... Severus Alexander (222-235). From that moment on, it guarded the road from Damascus to Palmyra. One of its commanders was Publius Licinius Valerianus, who was emperor between 253 and 260. A unit made up from soldiers of III Gallica and I Illyricorum was active in Egypt in 315-316. A comparable unit ...
The Defeat of Boudicca`s Rebellion
... The Roman Colonization of Britain In AD43 the Romans came to Britain in force and seventeen years later they controlled the south and east of England. Their capital was at Colchester, where retired soldiers settled, and they had advanced as far as Lincoln in the north, Cirencester and maybe Glouces ...
... The Roman Colonization of Britain In AD43 the Romans came to Britain in force and seventeen years later they controlled the south and east of England. Their capital was at Colchester, where retired soldiers settled, and they had advanced as far as Lincoln in the north, Cirencester and maybe Glouces ...
PDF sample
... Younger, Seneca, Livy, Arrian. Without their labors this book would not have been possible. During the research for this series, light was shed for the first time on a number of issues relating to the legions, the most important of which was the reenlistment factor. The legions of Rome were recruite ...
... Younger, Seneca, Livy, Arrian. Without their labors this book would not have been possible. During the research for this series, light was shed for the first time on a number of issues relating to the legions, the most important of which was the reenlistment factor. The legions of Rome were recruite ...
12.2 The mutiny of the legions: Percennius
... winters, wearisome summers, of terrible war, or barren peace, there is no end. Our only relief can come from military life being entered on under fixed conditions, from receiving each the pay of a denarius, and from the sixteenth year terminating our service. • We must be retained no longer under a ...
... winters, wearisome summers, of terrible war, or barren peace, there is no end. Our only relief can come from military life being entered on under fixed conditions, from receiving each the pay of a denarius, and from the sixteenth year terminating our service. • We must be retained no longer under a ...
The Roman Army in the First Century
... legion aries were exclusively heavy infantry armed with javelins and swords see below at the time of jesus the approximately legion aries were assisted by an equal or 125000 regular infantry legionaries greater number of auxiliary troops auxilia recruited from allied and conquered peoples bringing t ...
... legion aries were exclusively heavy infantry armed with javelins and swords see below at the time of jesus the approximately legion aries were assisted by an equal or 125000 regular infantry legionaries greater number of auxiliary troops auxilia recruited from allied and conquered peoples bringing t ...
Hadrian at Lambaesis
... throughout the whole maneuver.” This inscription is rounded out with praise of “Noble Catullinus” as the man responsible for their training. The Equites VI Cohortis Commagenorum was the cavalry of a mixed auxiliary cohort, with a likely ratio of 128 horsemen and 480 infantry. This unit was raised in ...
... throughout the whole maneuver.” This inscription is rounded out with praise of “Noble Catullinus” as the man responsible for their training. The Equites VI Cohortis Commagenorum was the cavalry of a mixed auxiliary cohort, with a likely ratio of 128 horsemen and 480 infantry. This unit was raised in ...
Non-fiction Texts - Primary Resources
... which relate to the topic. • In a different colour, you should then underline words and phrases which help to explain what these important words mean. ...
... which relate to the topic. • In a different colour, you should then underline words and phrases which help to explain what these important words mean. ...
Roman Auxiliary Troops recruited from Gaul and Germany during
... legionary cohort but adapted to the logistical needs of the auxilia. Unlike the legions, auxiliary troops lacked artillery, engineers and topographs. The training and living conditions were the same as in the legions except for pay and longer years of service. Some of these auxiliary units were spec ...
... legionary cohort but adapted to the logistical needs of the auxilia. Unlike the legions, auxiliary troops lacked artillery, engineers and topographs. The training and living conditions were the same as in the legions except for pay and longer years of service. Some of these auxiliary units were spec ...
1186 Augustus. Silver Denarius (3.69 g), 27 BC
... of the young heir, Gaius Caesar, the eldest son of Augustus’ lieutenant M. Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder, whom Augustus adopted that year along with his younger brother, Lucius. The first interpretation rests on the oak-wreath surrounding the portrait, identifying it as the corona civica aur ...
... of the young heir, Gaius Caesar, the eldest son of Augustus’ lieutenant M. Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder, whom Augustus adopted that year along with his younger brother, Lucius. The first interpretation rests on the oak-wreath surrounding the portrait, identifying it as the corona civica aur ...
the roman army in the first century
... lances and long cutting swords to some extent the equipment of early imperial auxiliary infantry cohorts was standardized with a mail jacket a large oval shield several six- to seven foot long broad headed spears that could be used for throwing or thrusting and a short sword 15 As a general rule the ...
... lances and long cutting swords to some extent the equipment of early imperial auxiliary infantry cohorts was standardized with a mail jacket a large oval shield several six- to seven foot long broad headed spears that could be used for throwing or thrusting and a short sword 15 As a general rule the ...
Imperial Roman army
The imperial Roman army was the standing force deployed by the Roman Empire during the Principate era (30 BC – AD 284). Under the founder–emperor Augustus (ruled 30 BC – AD 14 ), the legions, which were formations numbering about 5,000 heavy infantry recruited from the ranks of Roman citizens only, were transformed from mixed conscript and volunteer corps soldiers serving an average of 10 years, to all-volunteer units of long-term professionals serving a standard 25-year term. (Conscription was only decreed in emergencies.) In the later 1st century, the size of a legion's First Cohort was doubled, increasing the strength of a legion to about 5,500.To complement the legions, Augustus established the auxilia, a regular corps with numbers similar to those of the legions, but recruited from the peregrini or non-citizen inhabitants of the empire. Peregrini constituted approximately 90 percent of the Empire's population in the 1st century. In addition to large numbers of heavy infantry equipped in a similar manner to legionaries, the auxilia provided virtually all the army's cavalry, light infantry, archers and other specialists. The auxilia were organised in units about 500 strong. These units were termed cohortes if they consisted of infantry, alae if they consisted of cavalry and cohortes equitatae if they were composed of infantry with a cavalry contingent attached.Until about AD 68, the auxilia were recruited by a mix of conscription and voluntary enlistment. After that time, the auxilia also became largely a volunteer corps, with conscription resorted to only in emergencies. Auxiliaries were required to serve a minimum of 25 years, although many served for longer periods. On completion of their minimum term, auxiliaries were awarded Roman citizenship, which carried important legal, fiscal and social advantages. Around AD 80, a minority of auxiliary regiments were doubled in size.Alongside the regular forces, the army of the Principate employed allied native units (called numeri) from outside the Empire on a mercenary basis. These were led by their own aristocrats and equipped in traditional fashion. Numbers fluctuated according to circumstances and are largely unknown.As all-citizen formations, and symbolic protectors of the dominance of the Italian ""master-nation"", legions enjoyed greater social prestige than the auxilia for much of the Principate. This was reflected in better pay and benefits. In addition, legionaries were equipped with more expensive and protective armour than auxiliaries, notably the lorica segmentata, or laminated-strip armour. However, in 212, the Emperor Caracalla granted Roman citizenship to nearly all the Empire's freeborn inhabitants. At this point, the distinction between legions and auxilia became moot, the latter becoming all-citizen units also. The change was reflected in the disappearance, during the 3rd century, of legionaries' special equipment, and the progressive break-up of legions into cohort-sized units like the auxilia.By the end of Augustus' reign, the imperial army numbered some 250,000 men, equally split between 25 legions and 250 units of auxiliaries. The numbers grew to a peak of about 450,000 by 211, in 33 legions and about 400 auxiliary units. By then, auxiliaries outnumbered legionaries substantially. From this peak, numbers probably underwent a steep decline by 270 due to plague and losses during multiple major barbarian invasions. Numbers were restored to their early 2nd-century level of c. 400,000 (but probably not to their 211 peak) under Diocletian (r. 284-305). After the Empire's borders became settled (on the Rhine-Danube line in Europe) by AD 68, virtually all military units (except the Praetorian Guard) were stationed on or near the borders, in roughly 17 of the 42 provinces of the empire in the reign of Hadrian (r. 117–138).The military chain of command was relatively flat. In each province, the deployed legions' legati (legion commanders, who also controlled the auxiliary units attached to their legion) reported to the legatus Augusti pro praetore (provincial governor), who also headed the civil administration. The governor in turn reported directly to the Emperor in Rome. There was no general staff in Rome, but the leading praefectus praetorio (commander of the Praetorian Guard) often acted as the Emperor's de facto military chief-of-staff.Compared to the subsistence-level peasant families from which they mostly originated, legionary rankers enjoyed considerable disposable income, enhanced by periodical cash bonuses on special occasions such as the accession of a new emperor. In addition, on completion of their term of service, they were given a generous discharge bonus equivalent to 13 years' salary. Auxiliaries were paid much less in the early 1st century, but by 100 AD, the differential had virtually disappeared. Similarly, in the earlier period, auxiliaries appear not to have received cash and discharge bonuses, but probably did so from the reign of Hadrian onwards. Junior officers (principales), the equivalent of non-commissioned officers in modern armies, could expect to earn up to twice basic pay. Legionary centurions, the equivalent of senior warrant officers, were organised in an elaborate hierarchy. Usually promoted from the ranks, they commanded the legion's tactical sub-units of centuriae (about 80 men) and cohorts (about 480 men). They were paid several multiples of basic pay. The most senior centurion, the primus pilus, was automatically elevated to equestrian rank on completion of his single-year term of office. The senior officers of the army, the legati legionis (legion commanders), tribuni militum (legion staff officers) and the praefecti (commanders of auxiliary regiments) were all of at least equestrian rank. In the 1st and early 2nd centuries, they were mainly Italian aristocrats performing the military component of their cursus honorum (conventional career-path). Later, provincial career officers became predominant. Senior officers were paid enormous salaries, multiples of at least 50 times a soldier's basic pay.Soldiers spent only a fraction of their lives on campaign. Most of their time was spent on routine military duties such as training, patrolling, and maintenance of equipment. Soldiers also played an important role outside the military sphere. They performed the function of a provincial governor's police force. As a large, disciplined and skilled force of fit men, they played a crucial role in the construction of a province's military and civil infrastructure. In addition to constructing forts and fortified defences such as Hadrian's Wall, they built roads, bridges, ports, public buildings and entire new cities (colonia), and cleared forests and drained marshes to expand a province's available arable land.Soldiers, mostly drawn from polytheistic societies, enjoyed wide freedom of worship in the polytheistic Roman system. Only a few cults were banned by the Roman authorities, as being incompatible with the official Roman religion or being politically subversive, notably Druidism and Christianity. The later Principate saw the rise in popularity among the military of Eastern mystery cults, generally centred on one deity, and involving secret rituals divulged only to initiates. By far the most popular cult in the army was Mithraism, an apparently syncretist cult which mainly originated in Asia Minor.