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... Despite recent advances in diagnostic techniques, fever of unknown origin (FUO) remains a formidable challenge. It's frustrating for patients and physicians because the diagnostic workup often involves numerous noninvasive and invasive procedures that sometimes fail to explain the fever [12]. Althou ...
Health and Illness Guide - San Francisco Waldorf School
Health and Illness Guide - San Francisco Waldorf School

... Please keep your daytime phone numbers on the emergency form current in order to avoid delays in reaching you in the event of illness or accident at school. We call parents if a student becomes sick during the day and needs to leave school. There is limited space at school for sick students to rest ...
FACTS about EBOLA FOR PATIENTS PUBLIC
FACTS about EBOLA FOR PATIENTS PUBLIC

... Anyone caring for Ebola patients and family members and friends in close contact with Ebola patients are at highest risk if they come in direct contact with the blood or body fluids of sick individuals. A person with the Ebola virus cannot transmit it to others unless he or she is sick with symptoms ...
Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Ebola viruses
Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Ebola viruses

... [30]. Due to this facts surveillance of wildlife health and monitoring of their mortality may help to predict and prevent next Ebola outbreaks. ...
Aicardi-Goutières syndrome: differential diagnosis and
Aicardi-Goutières syndrome: differential diagnosis and

... Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) is a progressive encephalopathy with onset in the first year of life and a recessive autosomal pattern of inheritance. The syndrome is characterised by acquired microcephaly, basal ganglia calcifications, white matter abnormalities, chronic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ...
Emerging Diseases: Causes and Effects
Emerging Diseases: Causes and Effects

... can be prescribed for influenza, malaria, or West Nile virus, although they are less common than antibacterial drugs and often have more severe side effects. This is because antibacterial drugs can target structures or processes unique to bacterial cells. There are fewer unique targets when developi ...
第1.3章 OIEリスト疾病の公定および代替の診断試験 NOTE In many of
第1.3章 OIEリスト疾病の公定および代替の診断試験 NOTE In many of

... In many of the Terrestrial Code Chapters relating to specific diseases, the reader is referred to the Terrestrial Manual for information on OIE standards for the relevant diagnostic tests and vaccines. However, some readers of the Terrestrial Code may need to know which diagnostic tests are recommen ...
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Tetanus

... Confirmed: A clinically compatible illness, as diagnosed by a medical practitioner. ...
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Meningeal syndrome

... meningitis (most commonly serogroups A, B and C) should be suspected in extremely rapidly evolving meningitis with stupor, delirium and when the onset is associated with petechial or purpuric rash, ecchymosae or shock. Pneumococcal meningitis is often preceded by an infection in the lungs, ears, sin ...
PFOA - CLU-IN
PFOA - CLU-IN

... of the four PFAS. Furthermore, there was a positive association between the maternal concentrations of PFOA and PFNA and the number of episodes of common cold for the children, and between PFOA and PFHxS and the number of episodes of gastroenteritis (assessed by questionnaire). ...
ODJFS communicable disease fact sheet
ODJFS communicable disease fact sheet

... a period of days, so at any one time there will be sores in various stages of development. The rash tends to be more noticeable on the trunk than on exposed parts of the body and may appear inside the mouth, on the scalp and in the upper respiratory tract. Generally, a person gets this infection onl ...
CHAPTER 21 – INFECTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
CHAPTER 21 – INFECTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

...  The body has a variety of host defense mechanisms.  Innate immune response -the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms, in a non-specific manner  Adaptive immune It is adaptive immunity because the body's immune system prepares itself for future ...
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... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is one of the 13 major operating components of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), which is the principal agency in the United States government for protecting the health and safety of all Americans and for providing essential human ...
Inactivation of classical swine fever virus in porcine casing
Inactivation of classical swine fever virus in porcine casing

... Feeding pigs with human food waste that contains pig casings may then spread the virus to CSF-free animals. Casings derived from a pig experimentally infected with CSF by dosing with 106 tissue culture infectious doses (TCID50) of the highly virulent CSF virus strain “Koslov”, were treated with phos ...
Tuberculosis: Commentary on a Reemergent Killer
Tuberculosis: Commentary on a Reemergent Killer

... cavities (lung ulcers), but virtually all of the great pathologists, including Rudolf Virchow, believed the disease to be constitutional, a form of tumor or abnormal gland, rather than infectious. H. Fracastoro included phthisis in a work on contagion in 1546, but the first credible speculation on t ...
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BONE AND JOINT INFECTIONS

...  The incidence of gonococcal arthritis is 2.8 cases per 100,000 person-years  Septic arthritis is becoming increasingly common among people who are immunosuppressed and elderly people who have a variety of co-morbid ...
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... course of disease. There is also increasing awareness that other, likely less pathogenic spotted fever rickettsioses may be responsible for human illness frequently confused with Rocky Mountain spotted fever, including disease associated with the tickborne pathogen Rickettsia parkeri or other Ricket ...
Helminth-Cestode: Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus
Helminth-Cestode: Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus

... with them. Despite this CE infection amongst many of these people is evidence for indirect transmission of echinococcosis to man through contaminated food or water supplies. Epidemiological and experimental evidence has demonstrated that parasite eggs can be transmitted considerable distances by mec ...
MRSA INFECTION - Zulekha Hospitals
MRSA INFECTION - Zulekha Hospitals

... worsen. It is important to contact your doctor if your infection does not get better. How are Staph infections treated? Treatment for a Staph skin infection may include taking an antibiotic or having a doctor drain the infection. If you are given an antibiotic, be sure to take all of the doses, even ...
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... want to target disease intervention programs to specific agents based on their role in disease transmission (Greenhalgh 2010). More recently, with dramatic decreases in computational costs, agent-based modeling (ABM) has gained popularity as a new theoretical framework to study complex adaptive sys ...
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Canine Vaccine Guidelines - Shoal Creek Animal Clinic

... reactions and fatal complications (definitely after 9 weeks). 2. General notes a. Indicated in endemic areas for animals which have a risk of exposure. The spirochete is found in water sources, damp soil, and in places where rodent urine in present (including urban environments). Vaccines do not pro ...
riley_ModelsInfectio..
riley_ModelsInfectio..

... The precise location of individual farms in distance-transmission models of FMD facilitated the investigation of highly structured spatial interventions that could not be considered in paircorrelation models; for instance, vaccination of a barrier region to protect large pools of susceptible farms ( ...
Infection Control - Community Mental Health for Central Michigan
Infection Control - Community Mental Health for Central Michigan

... Standard Precautions Standard precautions, including hand washing and using disposable gloves and the wearing of personal protective equipment, protect both the individual and the DSP from the spread of germs and infection. Standard precautions are a set of infection control safeguards. They are esp ...
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Vaccination

... immunity to an infectious disease. • Vaccines are much cheaper than diagnosis and treatment of infections after they have started • They prevent human suffering and may be the only form of treatment known for some ailments. ...
13 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS CHAPTER
13 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS CHAPTER

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Leptospirosis



Leptospirosis (also known as field fever, rat catcher's yellows, and pretibial fever among others names) is an infection caused by corkscrew-shaped bacteria called Leptospira. Symptoms can range from none to mild such as headaches, muscle pains, and fevers; to severe with bleeding from the lungs or meningitis. If the infection causes the person to turn yellow, have kidney failure and bleeding, it is then known as Weil's disease. If it causes lots of bleeding from the lungs it is known as severe pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome.Up to 13 different genetic types of Leptospira may cause disease in humans. It is transmitted by both wild and domestic animals. The most common animals that spread the disease are rodents. It is often transmitted by animal urine or by water or soil containing animal urine coming into contact with breaks in the skin, eyes, mouth, or nose. In the developing world the disease most commonly occurs in farmers and poor people who live in cities. In the developed world it most commonly occurs in those involved in outdoor activities in warm and wet areas of the world. Diagnosis is typically by looking for antibodies against the bacteria or finding its DNA in the blood.Efforts to prevent the disease include protective equipment to prevent contact when working with potentially infected animals, washing after this contact, and reducing rodents in areas people live and work. The antibiotic doxycycline, when used in an effort to prevent infection among travellers, is of unclear benefit. Vaccines for animals exist for certain type of Leptospira which may decrease the risk of spread to humans. Treatment if infected is with antibiotics such as: doxycycline, penicillin, or ceftriaxone. Weil's disease and severe pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome result in death rates greater than 10% and 50%, respectively, even with treatment.It is estimated that seven to ten million people are infected by leptospirosis a year. The number of deaths this causes is not clear. The disease is most common in tropical areas of the world but may occur anywhere. Outbreaks may occur in slums of the developing world. The disease was first described by Weil in 1886 in Germany. Animals who are infected may have no symptoms, mild symptoms, or severe symptoms. Symptoms may vary by the type of animal. In some animals Leptospira live in the reproductive tract, leading to transmission during mating.
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