China-US Trade Flow Behavior: The Implications of Alternative
... 10.1% of its GDP in 2007 to 2.1% in 2013, the controversy surrounding China’s exports and its exchange rate policy has not entirely disappeared. In the April 2014 Report to the Congress on International Economic and Exchange Rate Policies, the US Treasury maintained the view that the Chinese currenc ...
... 10.1% of its GDP in 2007 to 2.1% in 2013, the controversy surrounding China’s exports and its exchange rate policy has not entirely disappeared. In the April 2014 Report to the Congress on International Economic and Exchange Rate Policies, the US Treasury maintained the view that the Chinese currenc ...
M o n e t a r y ... Contents 1 March 2003
... On 23 January 2003, we stated that “If the exchange rate remains at around present levels or appreciates further, and if the evidence points to reduced pressures on resources and medium-term inflation, then there may be scope for a cut in the OCR later in the year.” Today’s decision reflects that fa ...
... On 23 January 2003, we stated that “If the exchange rate remains at around present levels or appreciates further, and if the evidence points to reduced pressures on resources and medium-term inflation, then there may be scope for a cut in the OCR later in the year.” Today’s decision reflects that fa ...
(TZS) versus the US Dollar (USD) and other major world currenc
... Market determination of the exchange rate is the best mechanism to prevent the currency from being overvalued which may adversely affect the country’s trade competitiveness. Only occasionally does the BoT intervene in the Inter-bank Foreign Exchange Market to manage short term fluctuations and disco ...
... Market determination of the exchange rate is the best mechanism to prevent the currency from being overvalued which may adversely affect the country’s trade competitiveness. Only occasionally does the BoT intervene in the Inter-bank Foreign Exchange Market to manage short term fluctuations and disco ...
single central bank: macroeconomic costs and benefits for the
... However, establishing such an institution entails a number of economic and political incidences on the region and deserves careful examination. Establishing a monetary union entails giving up monetary autonomy which, in turn, means the loss of a policy instrument to stabilize national economic shock ...
... However, establishing such an institution entails a number of economic and political incidences on the region and deserves careful examination. Establishing a monetary union entails giving up monetary autonomy which, in turn, means the loss of a policy instrument to stabilize national economic shock ...
THE EFFECTS OF EURO ADOPTION ON THE SLOVAK ECONOMY
... GDP. Slovak enterprises and public administration have not yet devoted much attention to such analyses within their organizations; therefore, we derived our estimates from foreign experiences. Several facts indicate that technical costs of euro adoption in Slovakia should be lower than in the twelve ...
... GDP. Slovak enterprises and public administration have not yet devoted much attention to such analyses within their organizations; therefore, we derived our estimates from foreign experiences. Several facts indicate that technical costs of euro adoption in Slovakia should be lower than in the twelve ...
Nº 227 - Instituto de Economía - Pontificia Universidad Católica de
... Newell and Pizer (2000) provide yet another rationale for declining rates. They show that when the future path of the interest rate is uncertain but highly correlated over time, then the distant future should be discounted at lower rates than suggested by the current rate. Still another rationale fo ...
... Newell and Pizer (2000) provide yet another rationale for declining rates. They show that when the future path of the interest rate is uncertain but highly correlated over time, then the distant future should be discounted at lower rates than suggested by the current rate. Still another rationale fo ...
Post-embargo Cuba: Economic Implications and the Future of Socialism
... and allowed employees from inefficient state enterprises to seek outside employment.8 Thirdly, and undoubtedly the most important measure, was the decriminalization of the U.S. dollar within the Cuban economy in 1993. Up to that point, it was illegal for Cuban citizens to carry or use the dollar, wh ...
... and allowed employees from inefficient state enterprises to seek outside employment.8 Thirdly, and undoubtedly the most important measure, was the decriminalization of the U.S. dollar within the Cuban economy in 1993. Up to that point, it was illegal for Cuban citizens to carry or use the dollar, wh ...
Fixing Argentina Executive Summary by Kurt Schuler No. 445
... immense destruction of property rights that following their advice entailed. One test of an economist’s advice is whether he would apply it at home. No foreign economist has volunteered to convert his own dollars into pesos at the disadvantageous rate imposed on Argentine bank depositors. Argentina’ ...
... immense destruction of property rights that following their advice entailed. One test of an economist’s advice is whether he would apply it at home. No foreign economist has volunteered to convert his own dollars into pesos at the disadvantageous rate imposed on Argentine bank depositors. Argentina’ ...
EXPORT DYNAMISM AND GROWTH IN CHILE SINCE THE 1980s Ricardo Ffrench-Davis
... refused to slow down in reaction to the deep economic recession, which also caused a surplus on current account in 1976. The real revaluation that usually results from using the exchange rate as an anchor was intensified in 1979, when the rate was fixed in current pesos, at a nominal parity of 39 pe ...
... refused to slow down in reaction to the deep economic recession, which also caused a surplus on current account in 1976. The real revaluation that usually results from using the exchange rate as an anchor was intensified in 1979, when the rate was fixed in current pesos, at a nominal parity of 39 pe ...
Document
... In the Czech Republic, 12-month average inflation has been above the reference value since December 2007. The average inflation rate in the Czech Republic during the 12 months to March 2008 was 4.4%, above the reference value of 3.2%, and it is likely to move further away from the reference value in ...
... In the Czech Republic, 12-month average inflation has been above the reference value since December 2007. The average inflation rate in the Czech Republic during the 12 months to March 2008 was 4.4%, above the reference value of 3.2%, and it is likely to move further away from the reference value in ...
Uncleared margin rules: Currency investors brace for change
... CFTC3 have finalized their margin requirements. FX nondeliverable forwards (NDFs) are categorized as a swap, which means that financial end users of this instrument that are facing a regulated entity will need to post and collect variation margin as of March 1, 2017. Based on the volume of trading f ...
... CFTC3 have finalized their margin requirements. FX nondeliverable forwards (NDFs) are categorized as a swap, which means that financial end users of this instrument that are facing a regulated entity will need to post and collect variation margin as of March 1, 2017. Based on the volume of trading f ...
The Money Supply and the Federal Reserve System
... B) Interest rates increase ⇒ planned investment decreases ⇒ aggregate output decreases ⇒ money demand decreases. C) Interest rates decrease ⇒ planned investment decreases ⇒ aggregate output decreases ⇒ money demand decreases. D) Aggregate output falls ⇒ the demand for money falls ⇒ interest ra ...
... B) Interest rates increase ⇒ planned investment decreases ⇒ aggregate output decreases ⇒ money demand decreases. C) Interest rates decrease ⇒ planned investment decreases ⇒ aggregate output decreases ⇒ money demand decreases. D) Aggregate output falls ⇒ the demand for money falls ⇒ interest ra ...
China Turn Into the Largest Market in the World
... • Let country ij denote country i in income-percapita group j. Each group j has nj countries. Drop the assumption that each country is in equilibrium, but assume all of them are of the same trade volume size, we have the net exports of country ij be determined by its real exchange rate against the e ...
... • Let country ij denote country i in income-percapita group j. Each group j has nj countries. Drop the assumption that each country is in equilibrium, but assume all of them are of the same trade volume size, we have the net exports of country ij be determined by its real exchange rate against the e ...
A Twelve-Area Model for the Equilibrium Nominal Chinese Yuan/US
... i.e. Australia, Canada, Euro area, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, United States and the United Kingdom. The criterion is that any economic bloc that has aggregate trade with China that accounts for more than 1% of China’s total trade during the sample period is included. The ...
... i.e. Australia, Canada, Euro area, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, United States and the United Kingdom. The criterion is that any economic bloc that has aggregate trade with China that accounts for more than 1% of China’s total trade during the sample period is included. The ...
Beyond Lift-Off Scenarios for the Federal Funds Rate
... Adding to ambiguity about the health of the labor market is persistently weak wage growth. The two most commonly cited indicators, average hourly earnings (AHE) and the employment cost index (ECI), have both shown year-on-year rates of change around 2% for much of the past two years, well below the ...
... Adding to ambiguity about the health of the labor market is persistently weak wage growth. The two most commonly cited indicators, average hourly earnings (AHE) and the employment cost index (ECI), have both shown year-on-year rates of change around 2% for much of the past two years, well below the ...
Paper - System Dynamics Society
... American television personality Lou Dobbs (2004) asserted that offshoring hurt American workers and this was a social problem as well as an economic problem. His opinion was somewhat extreme, but it pointed out that there were some problems in offshoring from the viewpoint of the nation’s economy. 4 ...
... American television personality Lou Dobbs (2004) asserted that offshoring hurt American workers and this was a social problem as well as an economic problem. His opinion was somewhat extreme, but it pointed out that there were some problems in offshoring from the viewpoint of the nation’s economy. 4 ...
View/Open
... Bahmani-Oskooee and Bolhassani 2014). These papers tend to focus on the impacts of income and exchange rate on bilateral trade. For example, Srivastava and Green (1986) examined the determinants of bilateral trade flows between 45 exporting countries and 82 importing countries and found that GDP of ...
... Bahmani-Oskooee and Bolhassani 2014). These papers tend to focus on the impacts of income and exchange rate on bilateral trade. For example, Srivastava and Green (1986) examined the determinants of bilateral trade flows between 45 exporting countries and 82 importing countries and found that GDP of ...
Ratings On The United Kingdom Lowered To `AA` On Brexit Vote
... Research Update: Ratings On The United Kingdom Lowered To 'AA' On Brexit Vote; Outlook Remains Negative On Continued Uncertainty from the EU. The negotiation process is therefore fraught with potential challenges and vetoes, making the outcome unpredictable. We take the view that the deep divisions ...
... Research Update: Ratings On The United Kingdom Lowered To 'AA' On Brexit Vote; Outlook Remains Negative On Continued Uncertainty from the EU. The negotiation process is therefore fraught with potential challenges and vetoes, making the outcome unpredictable. We take the view that the deep divisions ...
Some Further Evidence on Exchange
... The arguments, however, are not all on one side. Consider the following factors, which suggest that exchange-rate volatility can increase trade. (i) Exporters may gain knowledge through trade that might help them anticipate future exchange-rate movements better than can the average participant in t ...
... The arguments, however, are not all on one side. Consider the following factors, which suggest that exchange-rate volatility can increase trade. (i) Exporters may gain knowledge through trade that might help them anticipate future exchange-rate movements better than can the average participant in t ...
Advances in Environmental Biology Estimating Non-Oil Exports Function of Iran Fatemeh Mohagheghzadeh,
... non-crisis conditions. The influence of fluctuations in oil price is important for all Iranian people. Many current general affairs in economy of the country are affected by news from oil price determination. Whilst most of businessmen and traders do not know even a brief introduction of the relatio ...
... non-crisis conditions. The influence of fluctuations in oil price is important for all Iranian people. Many current general affairs in economy of the country are affected by news from oil price determination. Whilst most of businessmen and traders do not know even a brief introduction of the relatio ...
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sollicitatiebrief Roel [brieven]
... real exchange rate (expected coefficient is negative), real foreign income (expected coefficient is positive) and a measure of domestic development (expected coefficient is positive). The inclusion of the last variable is motivated by new trade theory that stresses increases returns to scale (Bayoum ...
... real exchange rate (expected coefficient is negative), real foreign income (expected coefficient is positive) and a measure of domestic development (expected coefficient is positive). The inclusion of the last variable is motivated by new trade theory that stresses increases returns to scale (Bayoum ...
COM COM(2008)0248 EN
... In the Czech Republic, 12-month average inflation has been above the reference value since December 2007. The average inflation rate in the Czech Republic during the 12 months to March 2008 was 4.4%, above the reference value of 3.2%, and it is likely to move further away from the reference value in ...
... In the Czech Republic, 12-month average inflation has been above the reference value since December 2007. The average inflation rate in the Czech Republic during the 12 months to March 2008 was 4.4%, above the reference value of 3.2%, and it is likely to move further away from the reference value in ...
Exchange rate
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In finance, an exchange rate (also known as a foreign-exchange rate, forex rate, FX rate or Agio) between two currencies is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another. It is also regarded as the value of one country’s currency in terms of another currency. For example, an interbank exchange rate of 119 Japanese yen (JPY, ¥) to the United States dollar (US$) means that ¥119 will be exchanged for each US$1 or that US$1 will be exchanged for each ¥119. In this case it is said that the price of a dollar in terms of yen is ¥119, or equivalently that the price of a yen in terms of dollars is $1/119.Exchange rates are determined in the foreign exchange market, which is open to a wide range of different types of buyers and sellers where currency trading is continuous: 24 hours a day except weekends, i.e. trading from 20:15 GMT on Sunday until 22:00 GMT Friday. The spot exchange rate refers to the current exchange rate. The forward exchange rate refers to an exchange rate that is quoted and traded today but for delivery and payment on a specific future date.In the retail currency exchange market, a different buying rate and selling rate will be quoted by money dealers. Most trades are to or from the local currency. The buying rate is the rate at which money dealers will buy foreign currency, and the selling rate is the rate at which they will sell the currency. The quoted rates will incorporate an allowance for a dealer's margin (or profit) in trading, or else the margin may be recovered in the form of a commission or in some other way. Different rates may also be quoted for cash (usually notes only), a documentary form (such as traveler's cheques) or electronically (such as a credit card purchase). The higher rate on documentary transactions has been justified to compensate for the additional time and cost of clearing the document, while the cash is available for resale immediately. Some dealers on the other hand prefer documentary transactions because of the security concerns with cash.