總體經濟學 期末考 日期：97
... marginal product of capital that uses the latest technologies will eventually be lower than they had hoped. As a result, investment demand may decline. The United States is a large open economy with a trade deficit. Use the appropriate graphs for a demand on each of the following: the domestic real ...
... marginal product of capital that uses the latest technologies will eventually be lower than they had hoped. As a result, investment demand may decline. The United States is a large open economy with a trade deficit. Use the appropriate graphs for a demand on each of the following: the domestic real ...
IOSR Journal of Mathematics (IOSR-JM) e-ISSN: 2278-5728, p-ISSN: 2319-765X. PP 08-10 www.iosrjournals.org
... an evaluation is the assessment of the growth rate of the economy. Growth rate is a quantified variable in terms of per capita income which is a ratio between national income and size of the population. Normally growth rate represents a variable with positive trend. Sometimes such a variable has neg ...
... an evaluation is the assessment of the growth rate of the economy. Growth rate is a quantified variable in terms of per capita income which is a ratio between national income and size of the population. Normally growth rate represents a variable with positive trend. Sometimes such a variable has neg ...
Foreign Exchange Intervention and Equilibrium Real Exchange Rates
... purchases and sales of foreign exchange by the monetary authorities in order to affect the exchange rate. The literature on intervention states that central banks intervene in order (i) to correct misalignment or stabilise the exchange rate at predetermined targeted levels or within targeted rates o ...
... purchases and sales of foreign exchange by the monetary authorities in order to affect the exchange rate. The literature on intervention states that central banks intervene in order (i) to correct misalignment or stabilise the exchange rate at predetermined targeted levels or within targeted rates o ...
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research
... United States) as of 1986, the Korean won was under immense pressure from the United States to appreciate. The won showed an unprecedented appreciation against the U.S. currency, from an average of 881 won per dollar in 1986 to 671 won in 1989. The won’s real effective exchange value also climbed, a ...
... United States) as of 1986, the Korean won was under immense pressure from the United States to appreciate. The won showed an unprecedented appreciation against the U.S. currency, from an average of 881 won per dollar in 1986 to 671 won in 1989. The won’s real effective exchange value also climbed, a ...
Krugman`s Chapter 31 PPT
... In the long run, changes in the money supply affect the aggregate price level but not real GDP or the interest rate. In fact, there is monetary neutrality: changes in the money supply have no real effect on the economy. So monetary policy is ineffectual in the long run. ...
... In the long run, changes in the money supply affect the aggregate price level but not real GDP or the interest rate. In fact, there is monetary neutrality: changes in the money supply have no real effect on the economy. So monetary policy is ineffectual in the long run. ...
Intro to Aggregate Demand
... As interest rates go down, investment rises. As investment rises, output increases. When output increases, so too does demand! ...
... As interest rates go down, investment rises. As investment rises, output increases. When output increases, so too does demand! ...
2007-08 Global Financial Collapse: Assessing Whether the Crisis
... borrow relatively cheaply from foreign markets. Consequently, consumers are able to spend beyond the level they would otherwise be able to, leading to an improvement in their quality of life. Domestic businesses can expand more quickly, and the government can afford to spend more on projects that st ...
... borrow relatively cheaply from foreign markets. Consequently, consumers are able to spend beyond the level they would otherwise be able to, leading to an improvement in their quality of life. Domestic businesses can expand more quickly, and the government can afford to spend more on projects that st ...
Dollarization in Cambodia: Causes and Policy Implications
... market interest rates in annual percent quoted in the United States. The interest rates considered are the federal funds rate, the prime lending rate, and the three-month and results derived from using these interest rates are similar. The methodology helps determine lost income that can be recovere ...
... market interest rates in annual percent quoted in the United States. The interest rates considered are the federal funds rate, the prime lending rate, and the three-month and results derived from using these interest rates are similar. The methodology helps determine lost income that can be recovere ...
Elasticity of risk aversion and international trade by Udo Broll
... optimum export production remains unchanged although the exchange rate becomes more risky. If risk aversion is (in)elastic than the firm will (diminish) extend its export production. Hence, the elasticity measure provides a distinct answer to the question how a change in exchange rate risk affects i ...
... optimum export production remains unchanged although the exchange rate becomes more risky. If risk aversion is (in)elastic than the firm will (diminish) extend its export production. Hence, the elasticity measure provides a distinct answer to the question how a change in exchange rate risk affects i ...
China`s exchange rate policy
... realignments of relative domestic prices to reflect scarcity values or world prices. The process of inflation and depreciation can be regarded to have lubricated the adjustment of relative prices. It is much easier to realign relative prices by letting some prices to go up faster than other prices. ...
... realignments of relative domestic prices to reflect scarcity values or world prices. The process of inflation and depreciation can be regarded to have lubricated the adjustment of relative prices. It is much easier to realign relative prices by letting some prices to go up faster than other prices. ...
54 INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF STABILIZATION POLICIES
... employment is neutralized through a change in the balance of trade in response to changing capital movements, whereas mgnetary policy now will be effective by inducing a change in the rate of exchange. The assumption of perfect capital mobility implying equality of national interest rate levels and ...
... employment is neutralized through a change in the balance of trade in response to changing capital movements, whereas mgnetary policy now will be effective by inducing a change in the rate of exchange. The assumption of perfect capital mobility implying equality of national interest rate levels and ...
File
... shift the aggregate demand curve to the right ○ The size of the shift in the AD curve resulting from tax change is also affected by the multiplier and crowding out effects. ■ When governments cut taxes and stimulates consumer spending, earnings and profits rise, which furthers consumer spending ...
... shift the aggregate demand curve to the right ○ The size of the shift in the AD curve resulting from tax change is also affected by the multiplier and crowding out effects. ■ When governments cut taxes and stimulates consumer spending, earnings and profits rise, which furthers consumer spending ...
Inflation, Exchange Rates and Interest Rates
... sustained and has as expected returned to double digits and currently stands at about 13.5% at the end of the 2013 fiscal year. This trend is predicted to prevail for a while as policy makers struggle to discover the mix of policies that will control both inflation and its causal factors. Literature o ...
... sustained and has as expected returned to double digits and currently stands at about 13.5% at the end of the 2013 fiscal year. This trend is predicted to prevail for a while as policy makers struggle to discover the mix of policies that will control both inflation and its causal factors. Literature o ...
INSTITUTE OF ACTUARIES OF INDIA EXAMINATIONS 12
... What are advantages and disadvantages of free-floating exchange rate? What measures/methods could be adopted to control the disadvantages of free-floating exchange rate? ...
... What are advantages and disadvantages of free-floating exchange rate? What measures/methods could be adopted to control the disadvantages of free-floating exchange rate? ...
Ch. 29 Rent, Interest, & Profit
... – Nonmarket Rationing – Gainers and Losers – Inefficiency -- Nominal rates: interest expressed in dollars of current value. -- Real rates: interest expressed in purchasing power (dollars of inflation adjusted value). ...
... – Nonmarket Rationing – Gainers and Losers – Inefficiency -- Nominal rates: interest expressed in dollars of current value. -- Real rates: interest expressed in purchasing power (dollars of inflation adjusted value). ...
The Effects of Short-Term Capital Flows on Exchange Rates in
... current account deficit increases. Then, the expectation of exchange rate depreciation may cause sudden stop and reversal of capital inflows that may result in a financial crisis. Some studies are devoted to the analysis of those issues. Combes, Kinda, and Plane (2011) investigates the effects of di ...
... current account deficit increases. Then, the expectation of exchange rate depreciation may cause sudden stop and reversal of capital inflows that may result in a financial crisis. Some studies are devoted to the analysis of those issues. Combes, Kinda, and Plane (2011) investigates the effects of di ...
AP Macro Unit 3 Student Notes
... 1) Changes in Tastes: If we have goods that they want they are willing to pay more. The dollar will then appreciate. (They will give us more pounds for the dollar.) 2) Relative Income Changes: As an economies income increases it will buy more goods (both domestic and foreign). This means that if the ...
... 1) Changes in Tastes: If we have goods that they want they are willing to pay more. The dollar will then appreciate. (They will give us more pounds for the dollar.) 2) Relative Income Changes: As an economies income increases it will buy more goods (both domestic and foreign). This means that if the ...
International Monetary Reform and the Stabilization Problem J. Marcus Fleming
... effectiveness of international control over reserve supply would have continued to be threatened from another side, namely, from changes in the effective currency-equivalent of existing gold reserves. Though it has not proved possible to agree on any solution to the sproblem of gold valuation, all o ...
... effectiveness of international control over reserve supply would have continued to be threatened from another side, namely, from changes in the effective currency-equivalent of existing gold reserves. Though it has not proved possible to agree on any solution to the sproblem of gold valuation, all o ...
Japanese Foreign Exchange Intervention
... Real effects of sterilized intervention Since the expansion of the money supply in unsterilized interventions is unlikely to have direct real effects under near-zero nominal short-term rates, one must turn to the literature on the effects of sterilized intervention to understand how the intervention ...
... Real effects of sterilized intervention Since the expansion of the money supply in unsterilized interventions is unlikely to have direct real effects under near-zero nominal short-term rates, one must turn to the literature on the effects of sterilized intervention to understand how the intervention ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES SHORT-RUN INDEPENDENCE OF MONETARY
... independence within the EMS. While neither existing sticky price nor equilibrium exchange rate models are consistent with this evidence, the current paper presents a model in which a country can use monetary policy to create short-run changes in its real and nominal interest rates (creating an inter ...
... independence within the EMS. While neither existing sticky price nor equilibrium exchange rate models are consistent with this evidence, the current paper presents a model in which a country can use monetary policy to create short-run changes in its real and nominal interest rates (creating an inter ...
Exchange rate
.jpg?width=300)
In finance, an exchange rate (also known as a foreign-exchange rate, forex rate, FX rate or Agio) between two currencies is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another. It is also regarded as the value of one country’s currency in terms of another currency. For example, an interbank exchange rate of 119 Japanese yen (JPY, ¥) to the United States dollar (US$) means that ¥119 will be exchanged for each US$1 or that US$1 will be exchanged for each ¥119. In this case it is said that the price of a dollar in terms of yen is ¥119, or equivalently that the price of a yen in terms of dollars is $1/119.Exchange rates are determined in the foreign exchange market, which is open to a wide range of different types of buyers and sellers where currency trading is continuous: 24 hours a day except weekends, i.e. trading from 20:15 GMT on Sunday until 22:00 GMT Friday. The spot exchange rate refers to the current exchange rate. The forward exchange rate refers to an exchange rate that is quoted and traded today but for delivery and payment on a specific future date.In the retail currency exchange market, a different buying rate and selling rate will be quoted by money dealers. Most trades are to or from the local currency. The buying rate is the rate at which money dealers will buy foreign currency, and the selling rate is the rate at which they will sell the currency. The quoted rates will incorporate an allowance for a dealer's margin (or profit) in trading, or else the margin may be recovered in the form of a commission or in some other way. Different rates may also be quoted for cash (usually notes only), a documentary form (such as traveler's cheques) or electronically (such as a credit card purchase). The higher rate on documentary transactions has been justified to compensate for the additional time and cost of clearing the document, while the cash is available for resale immediately. Some dealers on the other hand prefer documentary transactions because of the security concerns with cash.