the effects of exchange rate on the trade balance in ghana
... that the variability of the real exchange rate is largely accounted for by the changes in the nominal exchange rate (Musila, 2002). One of the most important problems identified in developing economies, especially in Africa, is the deficit in the government budget and balance of payments. These coun ...
... that the variability of the real exchange rate is largely accounted for by the changes in the nominal exchange rate (Musila, 2002). One of the most important problems identified in developing economies, especially in Africa, is the deficit in the government budget and balance of payments. These coun ...
The Business Cycle, International Linkages, and Exchange
... countries may propagate and amplify economic disturbances internationally, they can help to dampen economic fluctuations when activity is unsynchronized. Economies in strong cyclical positions tend to stimulate activity in other economies in which demand is weaker, partly through movements in trade ...
... countries may propagate and amplify economic disturbances internationally, they can help to dampen economic fluctuations when activity is unsynchronized. Economies in strong cyclical positions tend to stimulate activity in other economies in which demand is weaker, partly through movements in trade ...
Time Consistency of Monetary Policy in Separating Exchange Markets
... II. The Nature of the Dual Exchange Rate System The general assumptions about the domestic economy, a small open economy, adopting separate exchange markets will be given as follows. The government operates a dual exchange rate system by fixing the foreign bonds held by the private sector at a parti ...
... II. The Nature of the Dual Exchange Rate System The general assumptions about the domestic economy, a small open economy, adopting separate exchange markets will be given as follows. The government operates a dual exchange rate system by fixing the foreign bonds held by the private sector at a parti ...
This PDF is a selection from a published volume from... Bureau of Economic Research
... maximize (2) subject to (3) and (4) and the usual no Ponzi constraints. Profit maximization by firms implies that rkt = Fkt – δ and an equilibrium can be defined in the usual manner. In this model, in addition to the usual motives for holding capital, households have an additional return from holdin ...
... maximize (2) subject to (3) and (4) and the usual no Ponzi constraints. Profit maximization by firms implies that rkt = Fkt – δ and an equilibrium can be defined in the usual manner. In this model, in addition to the usual motives for holding capital, households have an additional return from holdin ...
PRICING & QUOTE - GIZ Global Campus 21
... A mark-up is added to the direct cost to cover estimated overheads and leave a profit, so identifying the costs directly attributed to each specific output & using those costs to set prices. ...
... A mark-up is added to the direct cost to cover estimated overheads and leave a profit, so identifying the costs directly attributed to each specific output & using those costs to set prices. ...
2014 answers - The University of Auckland
... 18. A monopolist produces a good at zero marginal cost. It finds that by reducing output slightly from its current level that profits increase. It follows that it must be operating ...
... 18. A monopolist produces a good at zero marginal cost. It finds that by reducing output slightly from its current level that profits increase. It follows that it must be operating ...
1 THE KEYNES PLAN, THE MARSHALL PLAN AND THE IMCU
... and services today (save more) in order to increase their liquidity position so as to be better cope with the more feared uncertain adverse future events. If, however, many people suddenly think the future is more uncertain, then the cumulative effects of them all reducing their spending on the pro ...
... and services today (save more) in order to increase their liquidity position so as to be better cope with the more feared uncertain adverse future events. If, however, many people suddenly think the future is more uncertain, then the cumulative effects of them all reducing their spending on the pro ...
Exchange Rate Volatility and Democratization in Emerging Market
... focused on long-standing democracies in North America and Europe rather than on young and incipient democracies like those in the Philippines and Indonesia. The research that has been done on young and incipient democraciesFfor instance, the important book by Haggard (2000)Fargues that because of th ...
... focused on long-standing democracies in North America and Europe rather than on young and incipient democracies like those in the Philippines and Indonesia. The research that has been done on young and incipient democraciesFfor instance, the important book by Haggard (2000)Fargues that because of th ...
A Guided Tour of the Market Microstructure Approach to
... for his inside spread on his/her limit order book. This means that the broker would quote the best buy and sell limit orders contained in his/her book and that the trader would then have the faculty to “hit” them, taking the other side of the outstanding orders. Nowadays the indirect market is domin ...
... for his inside spread on his/her limit order book. This means that the broker would quote the best buy and sell limit orders contained in his/her book and that the trader would then have the faculty to “hit” them, taking the other side of the outstanding orders. Nowadays the indirect market is domin ...
International Liquidity and Exchange Rate Dynamics Xavier Gabaix Matteo Maggiori January 19, 2014
... We provide a theory of exchange rate determination based on capital flows in imperfect financial markets. In our model, exchange rates are volatile and largely disconnected from traditional macroeconomic fundamentals over the medium term; they are instead governed by financial forces. Global shifts ...
... We provide a theory of exchange rate determination based on capital flows in imperfect financial markets. In our model, exchange rates are volatile and largely disconnected from traditional macroeconomic fundamentals over the medium term; they are instead governed by financial forces. Global shifts ...
Short-Term International Capital Flows
... proxy for hot-money inflows. But some of it may reflect non-speculative transactions, such as foreign borrowing by Chinese firms. According to the report, it estimates that China received up to 168 billion U.S. dollars in hot money in 2011. This far exceeds anything previously experienced by any eme ...
... proxy for hot-money inflows. But some of it may reflect non-speculative transactions, such as foreign borrowing by Chinese firms. According to the report, it estimates that China received up to 168 billion U.S. dollars in hot money in 2011. This far exceeds anything previously experienced by any eme ...
PDF
... produces two groups of goods: commodities (agricultural or mineral) and manufactures. The most important difference between these two types of goods is that commodity prices are perfectly flexible while manufactures prices are stuck over the short run. The results from Frankel (1986) and Frankel (20 ...
... produces two groups of goods: commodities (agricultural or mineral) and manufactures. The most important difference between these two types of goods is that commodity prices are perfectly flexible while manufactures prices are stuck over the short run. The results from Frankel (1986) and Frankel (20 ...
exchange rate regimes for developing and emerging markets
... managed float, pegs, target zones, etc. 2.1 Fixed Exchange Rate Regimes A fixed exchange rate system is one in which exchange rates are maintained at fixed levels. Each country has its currency fixed against another currency. It may seldom be changed (hard peg) or changed occasionally (adjustable ...
... managed float, pegs, target zones, etc. 2.1 Fixed Exchange Rate Regimes A fixed exchange rate system is one in which exchange rates are maintained at fixed levels. Each country has its currency fixed against another currency. It may seldom be changed (hard peg) or changed occasionally (adjustable ...
Chapter 16
... takes all components of consumption into account? • Published figures are distorted because they do not include realized capital gains income and cashing out the increased value of homes. • Abstracting from the data problems, most consumers spend whatever money they have and, except for pension plan ...
... takes all components of consumption into account? • Published figures are distorted because they do not include realized capital gains income and cashing out the increased value of homes. • Abstracting from the data problems, most consumers spend whatever money they have and, except for pension plan ...
INTRODUCTION DOLLARS, DEFICITS, AND TRADE James A. Dorn
... and fiscal policies and thereby generate greater exchange rate stability under floating than would occur in the absence of such domestic policy coordination. But this coordination is decentralized and each government must maintain responsibility for disciplining its own monetary and fiscal policies ...
... and fiscal policies and thereby generate greater exchange rate stability under floating than would occur in the absence of such domestic policy coordination. But this coordination is decentralized and each government must maintain responsibility for disciplining its own monetary and fiscal policies ...
Lecture 6: Evaluating Government 1. A list of tools or measures used
... the total value of a country's annual OUTPUT of goods and services. GDP = private consumption + INVESTMENT + PUBLIC SPENDING + the change in inventories + (EXPORTS IMPORTS). It is usually valued at market prices; by subtracting indirect tax and adding any government SUBSIDY, however, GDP can be calc ...
... the total value of a country's annual OUTPUT of goods and services. GDP = private consumption + INVESTMENT + PUBLIC SPENDING + the change in inventories + (EXPORTS IMPORTS). It is usually valued at market prices; by subtracting indirect tax and adding any government SUBSIDY, however, GDP can be calc ...
empirical studies of nigeria`s foreign exchange parallel market ii
... international capital, a new foreign exchange policy thrust was evident. Specifically, in 1986 a floating rate mechanism linked to market forces was introduced. The earliest history of transactions in Nigeria's parallel market was at the outbreak of World War II, mainly in United States dollars and ...
... international capital, a new foreign exchange policy thrust was evident. Specifically, in 1986 a floating rate mechanism linked to market forces was introduced. The earliest history of transactions in Nigeria's parallel market was at the outbreak of World War II, mainly in United States dollars and ...
Monetary Policy - Effingham County Schools
... Kinds of Unemployment • Frictional: between jobs (it’s personal) • Structural: changes in consumer tastes or industry operations; skills don’t match jobs (jobs not coming back) • Cyclical: changes in business cycle (jobs will come back) • Seasonal: changes in weather/seasons ...
... Kinds of Unemployment • Frictional: between jobs (it’s personal) • Structural: changes in consumer tastes or industry operations; skills don’t match jobs (jobs not coming back) • Cyclical: changes in business cycle (jobs will come back) • Seasonal: changes in weather/seasons ...
Monetary Policy and Interest Rates
... How open market operations affect interest rates The Fed conducts open market operations to influence interest rates, but what does that phrase “interest rates” mean? Begin with an example: Suppose you borrow $2,000 from a bank. You pay the bank an annual “fee” for the use of their money. That “fee” ...
... How open market operations affect interest rates The Fed conducts open market operations to influence interest rates, but what does that phrase “interest rates” mean? Begin with an example: Suppose you borrow $2,000 from a bank. You pay the bank an annual “fee” for the use of their money. That “fee” ...
Media Release
... SaskEnergy’s rate application proposed a 14% DECREASE to the overall commodity rate, combined with an 8.6% INCREASE in the delivery rate. The combined effect of these changes would be an average reduction of approximately 3% for an average residential customer. In its application SaskEnergy stated t ...
... SaskEnergy’s rate application proposed a 14% DECREASE to the overall commodity rate, combined with an 8.6% INCREASE in the delivery rate. The combined effect of these changes would be an average reduction of approximately 3% for an average residential customer. In its application SaskEnergy stated t ...
Exchange Rate Volatility and Trade among the Asia Pacific Countries
... In the meantime, most empirical work treats exchange rate volatility as a risk discouraging international trade. Higher risk means higher cost for risk-averse traders, which therefore leads to less international trade. In other words, if changes in exchange rates become more unpredictable, this gene ...
... In the meantime, most empirical work treats exchange rate volatility as a risk discouraging international trade. Higher risk means higher cost for risk-averse traders, which therefore leads to less international trade. In other words, if changes in exchange rates become more unpredictable, this gene ...
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research
... As far as short-run adjustment is concerned, Eastwood and Venables (1982) have discussed the issue in a Dornbusch-style model. They point out that one would not expect the discovery of oil to lead to a general recession because the requisite deterioration in competitiveness occurs instantaneously vi ...
... As far as short-run adjustment is concerned, Eastwood and Venables (1982) have discussed the issue in a Dornbusch-style model. They point out that one would not expect the discovery of oil to lead to a general recession because the requisite deterioration in competitiveness occurs instantaneously vi ...
Inflation in sudan.indd
... had fallen by 87% below the unified rate that was set in February 1992. As a result, the economy revealed serious deterioration in a number of areas among which were: (i) mounting scarcity of foreign exchange reserves caused by irresponsiveness of exports to various incentives offered, (ii) foreign a ...
... had fallen by 87% below the unified rate that was set in February 1992. As a result, the economy revealed serious deterioration in a number of areas among which were: (i) mounting scarcity of foreign exchange reserves caused by irresponsiveness of exports to various incentives offered, (ii) foreign a ...
Exchange rate
.jpg?width=300)
In finance, an exchange rate (also known as a foreign-exchange rate, forex rate, FX rate or Agio) between two currencies is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another. It is also regarded as the value of one country’s currency in terms of another currency. For example, an interbank exchange rate of 119 Japanese yen (JPY, ¥) to the United States dollar (US$) means that ¥119 will be exchanged for each US$1 or that US$1 will be exchanged for each ¥119. In this case it is said that the price of a dollar in terms of yen is ¥119, or equivalently that the price of a yen in terms of dollars is $1/119.Exchange rates are determined in the foreign exchange market, which is open to a wide range of different types of buyers and sellers where currency trading is continuous: 24 hours a day except weekends, i.e. trading from 20:15 GMT on Sunday until 22:00 GMT Friday. The spot exchange rate refers to the current exchange rate. The forward exchange rate refers to an exchange rate that is quoted and traded today but for delivery and payment on a specific future date.In the retail currency exchange market, a different buying rate and selling rate will be quoted by money dealers. Most trades are to or from the local currency. The buying rate is the rate at which money dealers will buy foreign currency, and the selling rate is the rate at which they will sell the currency. The quoted rates will incorporate an allowance for a dealer's margin (or profit) in trading, or else the margin may be recovered in the form of a commission or in some other way. Different rates may also be quoted for cash (usually notes only), a documentary form (such as traveler's cheques) or electronically (such as a credit card purchase). The higher rate on documentary transactions has been justified to compensate for the additional time and cost of clearing the document, while the cash is available for resale immediately. Some dealers on the other hand prefer documentary transactions because of the security concerns with cash.