References - Economic Growth and Distribution:On the Nature and
... However simplistic5, this view paves the way to a different theory on how the target rate of return actually implemented into firms’ pricing strategy, rs, is determined. Indeed, as clearly pointed out by Blecker (1999), Kalecki’s theory of mark-up pricing can be extended to an economy exposed to ...
... However simplistic5, this view paves the way to a different theory on how the target rate of return actually implemented into firms’ pricing strategy, rs, is determined. Indeed, as clearly pointed out by Blecker (1999), Kalecki’s theory of mark-up pricing can be extended to an economy exposed to ...
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... How do currencies affect international trade flows? This has been a recurrent question in the trading community. As the WTO Director General Pascal Lamy recently put it: "Exchange rates are, and have always been, a highly sensitive subject in the WTO." (Lamy, 2012). The sensitivity of this relations ...
... How do currencies affect international trade flows? This has been a recurrent question in the trading community. As the WTO Director General Pascal Lamy recently put it: "Exchange rates are, and have always been, a highly sensitive subject in the WTO." (Lamy, 2012). The sensitivity of this relations ...
Financing Against Pledge of Investment Portfolio
... Bank is entitled to unilaterally amend the financing conditions of the financial instrument included in a particular investment asset category, giving a separate notification to the customer. The amendments shall also apply to the transactions of financing against pledge of investment portfolio that ...
... Bank is entitled to unilaterally amend the financing conditions of the financial instrument included in a particular investment asset category, giving a separate notification to the customer. The amendments shall also apply to the transactions of financing against pledge of investment portfolio that ...
External Wealth, the Trade Balance, and the Real Exchange
... -6balance and the real exchange rate. However, our focus in this paper is on the long-run relation between these variables. For countries with market power in international markets, trade imbalances may also affect the structure of international relative prices. For instance, a trade deficit may be ...
... -6balance and the real exchange rate. However, our focus in this paper is on the long-run relation between these variables. For countries with market power in international markets, trade imbalances may also affect the structure of international relative prices. For instance, a trade deficit may be ...
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION BA ECONOMICS IV SEMESTER CORE COURSE
... 86. Christina Romer’s criticism of the belief that business cycles had moderated since World War II depended on the fact that: (a) estimates of the timing of business cycles since World War II had been inaccurate. (b) misuse of historical data had caused economists to understate the size of cyclical ...
... 86. Christina Romer’s criticism of the belief that business cycles had moderated since World War II depended on the fact that: (a) estimates of the timing of business cycles since World War II had been inaccurate. (b) misuse of historical data had caused economists to understate the size of cyclical ...
The external and domestic side of macroeconomic adjustment in
... different macro implications, the implications for the current account remain similar. Therefore for understanding the macroeconomic adjustment process in China, one has to mimic the effects of potential inefficiencies that cause a dampening response of domestic absorption to permanent income shocks th ...
... different macro implications, the implications for the current account remain similar. Therefore for understanding the macroeconomic adjustment process in China, one has to mimic the effects of potential inefficiencies that cause a dampening response of domestic absorption to permanent income shocks th ...
File ap macro 2-6 unit summary
... How is Inflation measured? The government tracks the prices of the same goods and services each year. • This “market basket” is made up of about 300 commonly purchased goods • The Inflation Rate-% change in prices in 1 year • They also compare changes in prices to a given base year (usually 1982) • ...
... How is Inflation measured? The government tracks the prices of the same goods and services each year. • This “market basket” is made up of about 300 commonly purchased goods • The Inflation Rate-% change in prices in 1 year • They also compare changes in prices to a given base year (usually 1982) • ...
Chapter 9 - University of Alberta
... • The aggregate demand curve shows the relation between the aggregate quantity of goods demanded (Cd+Id+G) and the price level, P. • The AD curve slopes downward. ...
... • The aggregate demand curve shows the relation between the aggregate quantity of goods demanded (Cd+Id+G) and the price level, P. • The AD curve slopes downward. ...
Chapter 9 - University of Alberta
... • The aggregate demand curve shows the relation between the aggregate quantity of goods demanded (Cd+Id+G) and the price level, P. • The AD curve slopes downward. ...
... • The aggregate demand curve shows the relation between the aggregate quantity of goods demanded (Cd+Id+G) and the price level, P. • The AD curve slopes downward. ...
Macro 2 Summary
... How is Inflation measured? The government tracks the prices of the same goods and services each year. • This “market basket” is made up of about 300 commonly purchased goods • The Inflation Rate-% change in prices in 1 year • They also compare changes in prices to a given base year (usually 1982) • ...
... How is Inflation measured? The government tracks the prices of the same goods and services each year. • This “market basket” is made up of about 300 commonly purchased goods • The Inflation Rate-% change in prices in 1 year • They also compare changes in prices to a given base year (usually 1982) • ...
5. Okuns Law and the Philips Curve
... reduction in the rate of money growth–a tight monetary policy. ...
... reduction in the rate of money growth–a tight monetary policy. ...
4. The Goods Market
... non-commodity prices. Commodity prices are determined in world auction markets and are quite flexible. Non-commodity prices are determined in domestic markets (as a function of wages and excess demand) and are relatively sticky. The estimation of non-commodity prices is covered in more detail in Sec ...
... non-commodity prices. Commodity prices are determined in world auction markets and are quite flexible. Non-commodity prices are determined in domestic markets (as a function of wages and excess demand) and are relatively sticky. The estimation of non-commodity prices is covered in more detail in Sec ...
“Debating an appropriate macroeconomic policy for South Africa`s
... The SARB, is once bitten-twice-shy in this regard, as a comparable scenario occurred at the end of 2001 when the Rand sharply depreciated in the context of the SARB’s public commitment to run down its net open forward position which had the effect of creating a ‘one way bet’ for speculators as they ...
... The SARB, is once bitten-twice-shy in this regard, as a comparable scenario occurred at the end of 2001 when the Rand sharply depreciated in the context of the SARB’s public commitment to run down its net open forward position which had the effect of creating a ‘one way bet’ for speculators as they ...
AP Macro Unit 2 Notes
... If there is deflation why would people not wanted to buy something today? If they wait until tomorrow the price will be cheaper! But… Then that puts downward pressure on prices because people are not buying things! ...
... If there is deflation why would people not wanted to buy something today? If they wait until tomorrow the price will be cheaper! But… Then that puts downward pressure on prices because people are not buying things! ...
Chapter22
... The U.S. government raises revenue using various taxes. The most important taxes for the federal government are individual income taxes and patrol taxes for social insurance. The most important taxes for state and local governments are sales taxes and property taxes. The efficiency of a tax system r ...
... The U.S. government raises revenue using various taxes. The most important taxes for the federal government are individual income taxes and patrol taxes for social insurance. The most important taxes for state and local governments are sales taxes and property taxes. The efficiency of a tax system r ...
The Eurosystem`s bond purchases and the exchange rate of the
... rates can be processed quite rapidly on the foreign exchange markets, it is to be expected that Governing Council decisions on purchasing assets are reflected in marked exchange rate movements almost as soon as they are announced. To measure this effect, the rate of change in the nominal effective e ...
... rates can be processed quite rapidly on the foreign exchange markets, it is to be expected that Governing Council decisions on purchasing assets are reflected in marked exchange rate movements almost as soon as they are announced. To measure this effect, the rate of change in the nominal effective e ...
A model for interest rates near the zero lower bound:
... analogous to the actual FFR in conventional monetary policy environments, the shadow FFR provides a gauge of the US monetary policy stance in unconventional monetary policy environments. That said, the shadow FFR has become much more volatile since the onset of the QE2 event in August 2010, so it is ...
... analogous to the actual FFR in conventional monetary policy environments, the shadow FFR provides a gauge of the US monetary policy stance in unconventional monetary policy environments. That said, the shadow FFR has become much more volatile since the onset of the QE2 event in August 2010, so it is ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES MONETARY POLICY IN THE OPEN ECONOMY REVISITED:
... The modern case for flexible exchange rates goes back to Friedman (1953). Real countryspecific productivity or demand shocks require adjustment of relative price levels between countries. If nominal prices adjusted quickly, Friedman argues, the choice of exchange-rate regime would be irrelevant bec ...
... The modern case for flexible exchange rates goes back to Friedman (1953). Real countryspecific productivity or demand shocks require adjustment of relative price levels between countries. If nominal prices adjusted quickly, Friedman argues, the choice of exchange-rate regime would be irrelevant bec ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES A CURRENCY OF ONE’S OWN?
... from other related work in this general area. First, we have made an effort to include data on both dollarized and ICU countries. This has not been easy, as most strictly dollarized countries are very small and their data are not included in readily available data sets. After significant effort we w ...
... from other related work in this general area. First, we have made an effort to include data on both dollarized and ICU countries. This has not been easy, as most strictly dollarized countries are very small and their data are not included in readily available data sets. After significant effort we w ...
Technical note - Federal Reserve Bank of New York
... This short review period underscores the importance of incorporating the possibility of invalid data into the selection of a calculation methodology. One can evaluate the sensitivity of the median and mean to invalid data by simulating the addition of an invalid transaction to see how unusual such a ...
... This short review period underscores the importance of incorporating the possibility of invalid data into the selection of a calculation methodology. One can evaluate the sensitivity of the median and mean to invalid data by simulating the addition of an invalid transaction to see how unusual such a ...
Exchange rate
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In finance, an exchange rate (also known as a foreign-exchange rate, forex rate, FX rate or Agio) between two currencies is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another. It is also regarded as the value of one country’s currency in terms of another currency. For example, an interbank exchange rate of 119 Japanese yen (JPY, ¥) to the United States dollar (US$) means that ¥119 will be exchanged for each US$1 or that US$1 will be exchanged for each ¥119. In this case it is said that the price of a dollar in terms of yen is ¥119, or equivalently that the price of a yen in terms of dollars is $1/119.Exchange rates are determined in the foreign exchange market, which is open to a wide range of different types of buyers and sellers where currency trading is continuous: 24 hours a day except weekends, i.e. trading from 20:15 GMT on Sunday until 22:00 GMT Friday. The spot exchange rate refers to the current exchange rate. The forward exchange rate refers to an exchange rate that is quoted and traded today but for delivery and payment on a specific future date.In the retail currency exchange market, a different buying rate and selling rate will be quoted by money dealers. Most trades are to or from the local currency. The buying rate is the rate at which money dealers will buy foreign currency, and the selling rate is the rate at which they will sell the currency. The quoted rates will incorporate an allowance for a dealer's margin (or profit) in trading, or else the margin may be recovered in the form of a commission or in some other way. Different rates may also be quoted for cash (usually notes only), a documentary form (such as traveler's cheques) or electronically (such as a credit card purchase). The higher rate on documentary transactions has been justified to compensate for the additional time and cost of clearing the document, while the cash is available for resale immediately. Some dealers on the other hand prefer documentary transactions because of the security concerns with cash.