View the full paper here
... context, it is the cutting edge of a tool.) As a qualifier for data, it describes a variable that, with equal probability, can be zero or one. Once a value is established, we gain information regarding the certainty of the binary random variable. Data and information are different. Only when meaning ...
... context, it is the cutting edge of a tool.) As a qualifier for data, it describes a variable that, with equal probability, can be zero or one. Once a value is established, we gain information regarding the certainty of the binary random variable. Data and information are different. Only when meaning ...
Determination of photon mass from Compton scattering
... idea that there exist quanta of energy and momentum in electromagnetic radiation of any frequency. At that point the idea of photon mass should have been tested with data from Compton scattering, now a routine undergraduate experiment. This long delayed test of modern physics is given in this paper, ...
... idea that there exist quanta of energy and momentum in electromagnetic radiation of any frequency. At that point the idea of photon mass should have been tested with data from Compton scattering, now a routine undergraduate experiment. This long delayed test of modern physics is given in this paper, ...
PDF
... carrier is attached. R is the total rotation the system has undergone. w is a record of the result just after a measurement has occurred on the associated system. τ is a placeholder for the further quantum characteristics the carrier will have to be assigned in any genuinely physical model. The τ’s ...
... carrier is attached. R is the total rotation the system has undergone. w is a record of the result just after a measurement has occurred on the associated system. τ is a placeholder for the further quantum characteristics the carrier will have to be assigned in any genuinely physical model. The τ’s ...
The additivity problem in quantum information theory
... The problems of data transmission and storage by quantum information carriers received increasing attention during past decade, owing to the burst of activity in the field of quantum information and computation [42], [22]. At present we are witnessing emergence of theoretical and experimental founda ...
... The problems of data transmission and storage by quantum information carriers received increasing attention during past decade, owing to the burst of activity in the field of quantum information and computation [42], [22]. At present we are witnessing emergence of theoretical and experimental founda ...
NUCLEAR-ELECTRON COUPLING IN GAAS SPIN STATES AND
... Classical computing uses charge and voltage to store and process information. In this case all data is represented as combinations of bits having either high or low voltage; we call these voltages 1’s and 0’s. Data is manipulated through operations which can change one bit by itself, or can have an ...
... Classical computing uses charge and voltage to store and process information. In this case all data is represented as combinations of bits having either high or low voltage; we call these voltages 1’s and 0’s. Data is manipulated through operations which can change one bit by itself, or can have an ...
Quantum key distribution
Quantum key distribution (QKD) uses quantum mechanics to guarantee secure communication. It enables two parties to produce a shared random secret key known only to them, which can then be used to encrypt and decrypt messages. It is often incorrectly called quantum cryptography, as it is the most well known example of the group of quantum cryptographic tasks.An important and unique property of quantum key distribution is the ability of the two communicating users to detect the presence of any third party trying to gain knowledge of the key. This results from a fundamental aspect of quantum mechanics: the process of measuring a quantum system in general disturbs the system. A third party trying to eavesdrop on the key must in some way measure it, thus introducing detectable anomalies. By using quantum superpositions or quantum entanglement and transmitting information in quantum states, a communication system can be implemented which detects eavesdropping. If the level of eavesdropping is below a certain threshold, a key can be produced that is guaranteed to be secure (i.e. the eavesdropper has no information about it), otherwise no secure key is possible and communication is aborted.The security of encryption that uses quantum key distribution relies on the foundations of quantum mechanics, in contrast to traditional public key cryptography which relies on the computational difficulty of certain mathematical functions, and cannot provide any indication of eavesdropping at any point in the communication process, or any mathematical proof as to the actual complexity of reversing the one-way functions used. QKD has provable security based on information theory, and forward secrecy.Quantum key distribution is only used to produce and distribute a key, not to transmit any message data. This key can then be used with any chosen encryption algorithm to encrypt (and decrypt) a message, which can then be transmitted over a standard communication channel. The algorithm most commonly associated with QKD is the one-time pad, as it is provably secure when used with a secret, random key. In real world situations, it is often also used with encryption using symmetric key algorithms like the Advanced Encryption Standard algorithm. In the case of QKD this comparison is based on the assumption of perfect single-photon sources and detectors, that cannot be easily implemented.