Statistics, Causality and Bell`s theorem
... the spin of a particle in any chosen direction”. Alice (and similarly, Bob) can freely choose (and set) a setting on her measurement apparatus. Alice’s setting is an arbitrary direction in real three-dimensional space represented by a unit vector ~a, say. Her apparatus will then register an observed ...
... the spin of a particle in any chosen direction”. Alice (and similarly, Bob) can freely choose (and set) a setting on her measurement apparatus. Alice’s setting is an arbitrary direction in real three-dimensional space represented by a unit vector ~a, say. Her apparatus will then register an observed ...
Effective Hamiltonians and quantum states
... tactfully pointed out to me is not very good: It is not difficult by other means to build approximations with the same error bound. I provide these computations mostly in hopes of interesting the real experts in this problem. The papers [E-G2] and Gomes [G1-3] present some further developments of the ...
... tactfully pointed out to me is not very good: It is not difficult by other means to build approximations with the same error bound. I provide these computations mostly in hopes of interesting the real experts in this problem. The papers [E-G2] and Gomes [G1-3] present some further developments of the ...
Achieving the ultimate optical resolution
... The diffraction limit was deemed an unbreakable rule, nicely epitomized by the time-honored Rayleigh criterion [3]: points can be resolved only if they are separated by at least the spot size of the PSF of the imaging system. The conventional means by which one can circumvent this obstruction are to ...
... The diffraction limit was deemed an unbreakable rule, nicely epitomized by the time-honored Rayleigh criterion [3]: points can be resolved only if they are separated by at least the spot size of the PSF of the imaging system. The conventional means by which one can circumvent this obstruction are to ...
An introduction to quantum probability, quantum mechanics, and
... Of course, a two-slit experiment is only an idealization of a real experiment; however, it is very similar to many actual experiments and even routine demonstrations. Note also that diffraction experiments can portray any operator and therefore any process in quantum mechanics, just as any classical ...
... Of course, a two-slit experiment is only an idealization of a real experiment; however, it is very similar to many actual experiments and even routine demonstrations. Note also that diffraction experiments can portray any operator and therefore any process in quantum mechanics, just as any classical ...
slides
... The other possibility is the reason we’re doing the experiment in the first place. If the quantum waves corresponding to each photon behave in any way like classical waves, then we could expect th ...
... The other possibility is the reason we’re doing the experiment in the first place. If the quantum waves corresponding to each photon behave in any way like classical waves, then we could expect th ...
AAAI Proceedings Template
... represent a state of evidence favoring target present; negative indices, j < 0, represent a state of evidence for target absent, and zero represents a neutral state of evidence. The number of states could be as small as the number of response categories (m = n), but the participant may be able to em ...
... represent a state of evidence favoring target present; negative indices, j < 0, represent a state of evidence for target absent, and zero represents a neutral state of evidence. The number of states could be as small as the number of response categories (m = n), but the participant may be able to em ...
The Mach–Zehnder interferometer • Coherent
... FIG. 19: Principal building block for adding a FIG. 20: Simplest way of building the nonlinear photon to a quantum state, here |α�. The beam sign shift gate with three beam splitters and two splitter is highly transmitting, |T | ≈ 1. ...
... FIG. 19: Principal building block for adding a FIG. 20: Simplest way of building the nonlinear photon to a quantum state, here |α�. The beam sign shift gate with three beam splitters and two splitter is highly transmitting, |T | ≈ 1. ...
Quantum key distribution
Quantum key distribution (QKD) uses quantum mechanics to guarantee secure communication. It enables two parties to produce a shared random secret key known only to them, which can then be used to encrypt and decrypt messages. It is often incorrectly called quantum cryptography, as it is the most well known example of the group of quantum cryptographic tasks.An important and unique property of quantum key distribution is the ability of the two communicating users to detect the presence of any third party trying to gain knowledge of the key. This results from a fundamental aspect of quantum mechanics: the process of measuring a quantum system in general disturbs the system. A third party trying to eavesdrop on the key must in some way measure it, thus introducing detectable anomalies. By using quantum superpositions or quantum entanglement and transmitting information in quantum states, a communication system can be implemented which detects eavesdropping. If the level of eavesdropping is below a certain threshold, a key can be produced that is guaranteed to be secure (i.e. the eavesdropper has no information about it), otherwise no secure key is possible and communication is aborted.The security of encryption that uses quantum key distribution relies on the foundations of quantum mechanics, in contrast to traditional public key cryptography which relies on the computational difficulty of certain mathematical functions, and cannot provide any indication of eavesdropping at any point in the communication process, or any mathematical proof as to the actual complexity of reversing the one-way functions used. QKD has provable security based on information theory, and forward secrecy.Quantum key distribution is only used to produce and distribute a key, not to transmit any message data. This key can then be used with any chosen encryption algorithm to encrypt (and decrypt) a message, which can then be transmitted over a standard communication channel. The algorithm most commonly associated with QKD is the one-time pad, as it is provably secure when used with a secret, random key. In real world situations, it is often also used with encryption using symmetric key algorithms like the Advanced Encryption Standard algorithm. In the case of QKD this comparison is based on the assumption of perfect single-photon sources and detectors, that cannot be easily implemented.