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IMF Predicts Slower World Growth Amid Serious Market Crisis
IMF Predicts Slower World Growth Amid Serious Market Crisis

... rose by 44 percent from February 2007 to February 2008. Prices of many commodities— including crude oil, tin, nickel, soybeans, corn, and wheat—reached record highs in current U.S. dollar terms. Strong demand from emerging economies has accounted for much of the increase in commodity consumption in ...
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... alter the method of converting currencies for customs purposes which is applicable in it territory on the date of this Agreement, if such alteration would have the effect of increasing generally the amounts of duty payable. 5. The bases and methods for determining the value of products subject to du ...
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Fear of floating

Fear of floating refers to situations where a country prefers a smoother exchange rate to a floating exchange rate regime. This is more relevant in emerging economies, especially when they suffered from financial crisis in last two decades. In foreign exchange markets of the emerging market economies, there is evidence showing that countries who claim they are floating their currency, are actually reluctant to let the nominal exchange rate fluctuate in response to macroeconomic shocks. In the literature, this is first convincingly documented by Calvo and Reinhart with “fear of floating” as the title of one of their papers in 2000. Since then, this widespread phenomenon of reluctance to adjust exchange rates in emerging markets is usually called “fear of floating”. Most of the studies on “fear of floating” are closely related to literature on costs and benefits of different exchange rate regimes.
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