nzalu francis muli project
... to households, enhancing income distribution and alleviating poverty. However, the real estate industry in Kenya continues to fail to fulfil this fundamental role due to a number of unique factors that affect investment in the sector. In the recent past, Kenya has witnessed an upsurge in real estate ...
... to households, enhancing income distribution and alleviating poverty. However, the real estate industry in Kenya continues to fail to fulfil this fundamental role due to a number of unique factors that affect investment in the sector. In the recent past, Kenya has witnessed an upsurge in real estate ...
Commodity Prices and Monetary Policy in Emerging East Asia
... for both are similar. A majority sees the main cause as the strong global demand supported by buoyant global growth, especially from PRC, India and other emerging economies. For instance, developing Asia grew by an average of 7.4% since 2000 (6.7% in the 1990s). Looking at food, the rise in per capi ...
... for both are similar. A majority sees the main cause as the strong global demand supported by buoyant global growth, especially from PRC, India and other emerging economies. For instance, developing Asia grew by an average of 7.4% since 2000 (6.7% in the 1990s). Looking at food, the rise in per capi ...
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM)
... spending is financed by increase in the monetary base, inflation becomes an undeniable outcome which for prolonged periods adversely affects economic activities and therefore GDP. His study emphasized on deficits financed by increased monetization (ways and means) and did not talk about other factor ...
... spending is financed by increase in the monetary base, inflation becomes an undeniable outcome which for prolonged periods adversely affects economic activities and therefore GDP. His study emphasized on deficits financed by increased monetization (ways and means) and did not talk about other factor ...
MerCAtUS reSeArCh A MArket-Driven noMinAl GDP tArGetinG reGiMe
... Central banks have recently done a dreadful job of stabilizing the path of nominal expenditures. The adverse demand shock of 2008–9 led to a severe recession in the United States and Europe. Monetary policy could be greatly improved with a regime of “targeting the forecast,” or setting policy so tha ...
... Central banks have recently done a dreadful job of stabilizing the path of nominal expenditures. The adverse demand shock of 2008–9 led to a severe recession in the United States and Europe. Monetary policy could be greatly improved with a regime of “targeting the forecast,” or setting policy so tha ...
Inflation: Its Causes and Cures Inflation • Introduction
... the 1980s and 1990s (continued) – Disinflation and the Revival of Inflation During the 1982-90 Expansion • Introduction of fiscal expansion • Re-acceleration in nominal GDP growth • Oil prices fell sharply in 1986 ...
... the 1980s and 1990s (continued) – Disinflation and the Revival of Inflation During the 1982-90 Expansion • Introduction of fiscal expansion • Re-acceleration in nominal GDP growth • Oil prices fell sharply in 1986 ...
NBER WORKING PAPERS SERIES ENDOGENOUS MACROECONOMIC GROWTH THEORY Elhanan Helpman
... sustain long—run growth becomes F(K,L)> go/s (rather than FK(K,L) > 0). Evidently, this lower bound is higher the higher the rate of population growth and the ...
... sustain long—run growth becomes F(K,L)> go/s (rather than FK(K,L) > 0). Evidently, this lower bound is higher the higher the rate of population growth and the ...
Weekly Market Commentary September 12, 2016
... the 10-year Germany bund yield turned positive for the first time since the Brexit vote. The sharp move vindicated market strategists that have been warning investors not to get complacent during the recent global bond rally that inflated prices to their most expensive levels in history, pushing glo ...
... the 10-year Germany bund yield turned positive for the first time since the Brexit vote. The sharp move vindicated market strategists that have been warning investors not to get complacent during the recent global bond rally that inflated prices to their most expensive levels in history, pushing glo ...
Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets, 8e
... 3) According to aggregate demand and supply analysis of inflation and with everything else held constant, a continually increasing money supply causes A) aggregate demand to increase along a stationary aggregate supply curve, leading to continually increasing aggregate output and prices. B) aggregat ...
... 3) According to aggregate demand and supply analysis of inflation and with everything else held constant, a continually increasing money supply causes A) aggregate demand to increase along a stationary aggregate supply curve, leading to continually increasing aggregate output and prices. B) aggregat ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE "AUSTERITY MYTH": GAIN WITHOUT PAIN? Roberto Perotti
... Budget deficits have come back with a vengeance. In the last three years, they have risen in virtually all countries, due to the recession and, in some cases, to bank support measures. What to do next is a matter of bitter controversy. For some, governments should start reining ...
... Budget deficits have come back with a vengeance. In the last three years, they have risen in virtually all countries, due to the recession and, in some cases, to bank support measures. What to do next is a matter of bitter controversy. For some, governments should start reining ...
Chapter 20 Explaining Business Cycles: Aggregate Supply and
... In Chapter 19 we have already identified a number of factors which may cause the aggregate supply and demand curves to shift up and down, thereby initiating movements in business activity. On the supply side, any structural change which increases the natural unemployment rate will shift the SRAS cur ...
... In Chapter 19 we have already identified a number of factors which may cause the aggregate supply and demand curves to shift up and down, thereby initiating movements in business activity. On the supply side, any structural change which increases the natural unemployment rate will shift the SRAS cur ...
PDF
... growth. The possibility of the effectiveness of a credit channel outside and independent of the interest rate channel gives further weight to the role of credit in the economy. Both the bank lending and broad credit channel (both sub-sets of the credit channel) agree that a tightening of monetary po ...
... growth. The possibility of the effectiveness of a credit channel outside and independent of the interest rate channel gives further weight to the role of credit in the economy. Both the bank lending and broad credit channel (both sub-sets of the credit channel) agree that a tightening of monetary po ...
the assessment of some macroeconomic forecasts for spain using
... error magnitude, using accuracy measures such as mean square error (MSE) (Diebold and Mariano, 2002), or log of the mean squared error ratio (log MSER). However, these measures do not have an economic interpretation and they neglect the presence of outliers. The directional forecasts technique was u ...
... error magnitude, using accuracy measures such as mean square error (MSE) (Diebold and Mariano, 2002), or log of the mean squared error ratio (log MSER). However, these measures do not have an economic interpretation and they neglect the presence of outliers. The directional forecasts technique was u ...
3 estimation of the impact of single monetary policy on - Hal-SHS
... consider that the ECB handles it according to the state of the economy. It is clearly necessary to determine what overall information on the state of the economy the Central Bank is expected to react to. The difficulty is due to the lack of experience on the transmission channel for the common monet ...
... consider that the ECB handles it according to the state of the economy. It is clearly necessary to determine what overall information on the state of the economy the Central Bank is expected to react to. The difficulty is due to the lack of experience on the transmission channel for the common monet ...
Financial Cycles with Heterogeneous Intermediaries
... in the intensive and the extensive margins generates both movements in aggregate leverage and asset pricing implications which are unusual in our models but seem to bear some resemblance with reality. Contemporaneously, output and consumption vary monotonically with the interest rate while the under ...
... in the intensive and the extensive margins generates both movements in aggregate leverage and asset pricing implications which are unusual in our models but seem to bear some resemblance with reality. Contemporaneously, output and consumption vary monotonically with the interest rate while the under ...
Stabilisation policy in New Zealand: Counting your
... Land Central Banks of the Federal Republic of Germany, as the first modern independent central bank. The Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act 1989 specifies that the primary function of the Reserve Bank shall be to deliver “stability in the general level of prices.” The Act says that the Minister of Financ ...
... Land Central Banks of the Federal Republic of Germany, as the first modern independent central bank. The Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act 1989 specifies that the primary function of the Reserve Bank shall be to deliver “stability in the general level of prices.” The Act says that the Minister of Financ ...
annual debt financing strategy
... 2) Global Economic Prospects – Forecasts: Worldbank.org (accessed December 15, 2014) 3) Economic Forecasts, ADB: Bloomberg.com (accessed December 15, 2014) 4) Economic Forecasts, IMF: Bloomberg.com (accessed December 15, 2014) 5) Economic Forecasts, OECD: Bloomberg.com (accessed December 15, 2014) 6 ...
... 2) Global Economic Prospects – Forecasts: Worldbank.org (accessed December 15, 2014) 3) Economic Forecasts, ADB: Bloomberg.com (accessed December 15, 2014) 4) Economic Forecasts, IMF: Bloomberg.com (accessed December 15, 2014) 5) Economic Forecasts, OECD: Bloomberg.com (accessed December 15, 2014) 6 ...
Saving, Investment, and the Financial System
... The supply of loanable funds comes from saving: Households with extra income can loan it out and earn interest. Public saving, if positive, adds to national saving and the supply of loanable funds. If negative, it reduces national saving and the supply of loanable funds. ...
... The supply of loanable funds comes from saving: Households with extra income can loan it out and earn interest. Public saving, if positive, adds to national saving and the supply of loanable funds. If negative, it reduces national saving and the supply of loanable funds. ...
1 Introduction
... Land Central Banks of the Federal Republic of Germany, as the first modern independent central bank. The Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act 1989 specifies that the primary function of the Reserve Bank shall be to deliver “stability in the general level of prices.” The Act says that the Minister of Financ ...
... Land Central Banks of the Federal Republic of Germany, as the first modern independent central bank. The Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act 1989 specifies that the primary function of the Reserve Bank shall be to deliver “stability in the general level of prices.” The Act says that the Minister of Financ ...
Interest rate
An interest rate is the rate at which interest is paid by borrowers (debtors) for the use of money that they borrow from lenders (creditors). Specifically, the interest rate is a percentage of principal paid a certain number of times per period for all periods during the total term of the loan or credit. Interest rates are normally expressed as a percentage of the principal for a period of one year, sometimes they are expressed for different periods such as a month or a day. Different interest rates exist parallelly for the same or comparable time periods, depending on the default probability of the borrower, the residual term, the payback currency, and many more determinants of a loan or credit. For example, a company borrows capital from a bank to buy new assets for its business, and in return the lender receives rights on the new assets as collateral and interest at a predetermined interest rate for deferring the use of funds and instead lending it to the borrower.Interest-rate targets are a vital tool of monetary policy and are taken into account when dealing with variables like investment, inflation, and unemployment. The central banks of countries generally tend to reduce interest rates when they wish to increase investment and consumption in the country's economy. However, a low interest rate as a macro-economic policy can be risky and may lead to the creation of an economic bubble, in which large amounts of investments are poured into the real-estate market and stock market. In developed economies, interest-rate adjustments are thus made to keep inflation within a target range for the health of economic activities or cap the interest rate concurrently with economic growth to safeguard economic momentum.