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Chapter 5: Production, Income, and Employment
Chapter 5: Production, Income, and Employment

... like the dollar, we can easily price individual goods and services, putting a single price on each item instead of having to compute a different exchange price for every different pair of commodities (e.g., 1 cup of coffee = 2 newspapers = 6 minutes of office work as a temp = 3 minutes of my teachin ...
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... in money and rejects the Ball and Mankiw (1995) hypothesis, based on Japanese wholesale price data for 1976–1994. Presumably because Ball and Mankiw (1995) themselves present it as chiefly a supply-side theory, many people associate the success of this theory with that of the supply-side theory of ...
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... 10. Suppose the government shown in Exhibit 10 uses contractionary monetary policy to reduce inflation from 9 to 6 percent. If people have rational expectations, then a. the economy will remain stuck at point E1. b. the natural rate will permanently increase to 8 percent. c. unemployment will rise t ...
Chapter 5
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... New goods bias New goods that were not available in the base year appear and, if they are more expensive than the goods they replace, the price level may be biased higher. Similarly, if they are cheaper than the goods they replace, but not yet in the CPI basket, they bias the CPI upward. Quality cha ...
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Intro to Macro

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Monetary Policy

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Nominal rigidity

Nominal rigidity, also known as price-stickiness or wage-stickiness, describes a situation in which the nominal price is resistant to change. Complete nominal rigidity occurs when a price is fixed in nominal terms for a relevant period of time. For example, the price of a particular good might be fixed at $10 per unit for a year. Partial nominal rigidity occurs when a price may vary in nominal terms, but not as much as it would if perfectly flexible. For example, in a regulated market there might be limits to how much a price can change in a given year.If we look at the whole economy, some prices might be very flexible and others rigid. This will lead to the aggregate price level (which we can think of as an average of the individual prices) becoming ""sluggish"" or ""sticky"" in the sense that it does not respond to macroeconomic shocks as much as it would if all prices were flexible. The same idea can apply to nominal wages. The presence of nominal rigidity is animportant part of macroeconomic theory since it can explain why markets might not reach equilibrium in the short run or even possibly the long-run. In his The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, John Maynard Keynes argued that nominal wages display downward rigidity, in the sense that workers are reluctant to accept cuts in nominal wages. This can lead to involuntary unemployment as it takes time for wages to adjust to equilibrium, a situation he thought applied to the Great Depression that he sought to understand.
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