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Biotechnology-
Biotechnology-

... • What is a vector and what properties must it have in order to be useful? Are all the vectors the same? • What is the Lac Z system for? How does it work? • What is a DNA library? ...
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... Chapter 10: Molecular Biology of the Gene 6. You are a biochemist working for a pharmaceutical company. You have been tasked with identifying a sample of nucleic acid. It is determined that the sample contains the bases cytosine, guanine, adenine, and phosphate groups. Will you be able to determ ...
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... • RAG1 and RAG2 introduce single-strand nicks into DNA adjacent to either a 12 signal or 23 signal • Results in transesterification where newly created 3’-OH group: – Attacks the opposite strand – Breaks it – Forms hairpin at the end of the coding segment ...
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... 32. To determine whether a fetus has inherited Down syndrome, a doctor would most likely A) perform amniocentesis and analyze cells removed by this technique B) analyze the fetal blood for phenylalanine C) screen the mother's blood for abnormal cells D) examine the fetal nervous system for the accum ...
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... Every gene start with a start-codon and ends with a stop-codon. An exon cannot consists of more than one stop-codon. Non coding areas (majority usually) has a lot more random behavior than genes. Most of the DNA is non coding. Genes can be detected by some statistics regularities, like codon usage, ...
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Cell-free fetal DNA

Cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) is fetal DNA circulating freely in the maternal blood stream. It can be sampled by venipuncture on the mother. Analysis of cffDNA provides a method of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis.cffDNA originates from the trophoblasts making up the placenta. It is estimated that 2-6% of the DNA in the maternal blood is fetal in origin. The fetal DNA is fragmented and makes its way into the maternal bloodstream via shedding of the placental microparticles into the maternal bloodstream (figure 1). Studies have shown that cffDNA can first be observed as early as 7 weeks gestation, and the amount of cffDNA increases as the pregnancy progresses. cffDNA diminishes quickly after the birth of the baby, so that it is no longer detectable in the maternal blood approximately 2 hours after birth. cffDNA is significantly smaller than the maternal DNA in the bloodstream, with fragments approximately 200bp in size. Many protocols to extract the fetal DNA from the maternal plasma use its size to distinguish it from the maternal DNA.Studies have looked at, and some even optimized, protocols for testing non-compatible RhD factors, sex determination for X-linked genetic disorders and testing for single gene disorders. Current studies are now looking at determining aneuploidies in the developing fetus. These protocols can be done earlier than the current prenatal testing methods, and have no risk of spontaneous abortion, unlike current prenatal testing methods. Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) has been implemented in the UK and parts of the US; it has clear benefits above the standard tests of chorionic villi sample (CVS) and amniocentesis which have procedure-related miscarriage risks of about 1 in 100 pregnancies and 1 in 200 pregnancies, respectively.As a method of prenatal diagnosis, cell-free fetal DNA techniques share the same ethical and practical issues, such as the possibility of prenatal sex discernment and sex selection.
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