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Supplementary data
Supplementary data

... and Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC33277, Actinomyces odontolyticus ATCC 17982 [7,8]. Remarkably, when the genome sequence of B. dentium Bd1 was compared to a genome database representing these oral pathogenic strains mentioned above (oral pathogen pangenome), a large number (around 1390) of significa ...
12.6 DNA Repair
12.6 DNA Repair

... Photoreactivation repair uses light energy to split pyrimidine dimers that kink the DNA. Pyrimidine dimers - bonds between C’s and/or T’s on the same strand.  Photolyases - enzymes that absorb light energy and use it to detect and bind to pyrimidine dimers, then break the extra ...
STUDY OF VNTR HUMAN POLYMORPHISMS BY PCR
STUDY OF VNTR HUMAN POLYMORPHISMS BY PCR

... The allele with the lowest number of replicates contains 14 replicates, while the allele with more replicates has up to 48 replicates, so the known genotypes of the D1S80 locus may have fragments ranging from 385-815 bp. There are more than 22 known alleles being the most common allele that contains ...
Recombinant DNA Lab
Recombinant DNA Lab

... sequence. The result is a set of double-stranded DNA fragments with single-stranded ends, called "sticky ends." Sticky ends are not really sticky; however, the bases on the single stranded ends do easily form base pairs with the complementary bases on other DNA molecules. Thus, the sticky ends of DN ...
Chapter 5 - St. Ambrose School
Chapter 5 - St. Ambrose School

... individuals can be identified by analyzing sections of DNA that have little or no known function. These sections of DNA vary widely from one person to the next. ...
Biology Final Review
Biology Final Review

... covered in anber (tree sap) like bugs. What is the difference between absolute dating and relative dating? Absolute dating is when you use Carbon 14 Dating, special machines analyze material to see how old it is. Relative dating, is when you compare a fossil to something of a known date to guess how ...
JGI - MaizeGDB
JGI - MaizeGDB

... – Should be easy to recognize allelic variants in non-repetitive (i.e., genic) regions, based on Morgante et al. results. Expect unique coverage of ~40% of B73 sequence. (alternative: MeF, C0t) – In a typical genic locus of 5 kb, conservatively expect ~100 mismatches or indels. Dense markers allows ...
Transformation Lab
Transformation Lab

... (inoculating loops, calcium chloride, ice, 42C water bath, incubator) ...
Archea and Bacteria- The PROKARYOTES `
Archea and Bacteria- The PROKARYOTES `

... the digestive system and the bacteria benefit by the food that is provided to them. Commensalistic-Ex There a many bacteria living on the surface of the skin. They do not harm or provide any benefit to the epidermal cells. The epidermal cells provide oils, food and a habitat to live Parasitic-Ex-Som ...
Biology Fact Sheet
Biology Fact Sheet

... amino acids, which contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms. All proteins are composed of long chains of relatively simple amino acids. There are 20 kinds of amino acids. Each amino acid has an amino (—NH2) group, a carboxyl (—COOH) group, and a group of atoms called an —R group (where R ...
Screening of recombinant EBV-BACs
Screening of recombinant EBV-BACs

... that the repeat number found in 3CKO+BamW was well within this range, expansion of this region was not considered to be undesirable. Wild type, deletion and revertant BACs were transfected into 293 cells and stable producer cell clones generated. The integrity of episomal BAC DNA recovered from 293 ...
7. According to Dr. Malcolm (guy in black leather jacket), “Dinosaurs
7. According to Dr. Malcolm (guy in black leather jacket), “Dinosaurs

... cells. When fingernails grow, they add new cells also. They do this by a process called cell division. Before a cell divides, it copies its own DNA. The two strands of DNA separate. The hydrogen bonds break between the nucleotides, and the strands come apart like the two halves of a zipper. Each str ...
Bio Study Guide So I don`t Fail SECTION 1 DEFS Element
Bio Study Guide So I don`t Fail SECTION 1 DEFS Element

... o Linked to sex chromosome o Ex: hemophilia  Pedigrees: ...
the 2006 final exam for practice. - UCA
the 2006 final exam for practice. - UCA

... B. competitive exclusion. C. genetic drift. D. Mendelian inheritance. E. natural selection. 57. Cats in the wild eat smaller animals such as mice. Ecologically, this makes them A. primary producers. B. decomposers. C. primary consumers. D. secondary or higher consumers. E. secondary producers. ...
Exam Procedures
Exam Procedures

... E. variations in terminal glycosylation 33. There are 20 primary amino acids specified by the genetic code. Which step in the translation process requires a separate and specific enzyme for each amino acid? A. joining an individual amino acid to its specific tRNA B. delivering aminoacyl-tRNAs to the ...
E. coli - JonesHonorsBioBlue
E. coli - JonesHonorsBioBlue

... precise “cutting and pasting”. To carry out this procedure, a piece of DNA containing the gene of interest must be cut out of a chromosome and “pasted” into a bacterial plasmid. The cutting tools for making recombinant DNA are restriction enzymes, which were first discovered in the late 1960s. They ...
Blueprint of Life notes
Blueprint of Life notes

... bilbies, cane toads, spiky pears, etc which have dominated native organisms are also evidence of the impact on evolution. Describe, using specific examples, how the theory of evolution is supported by the following areas of study; palaeontology, including fossils that have been considered as transit ...
PDF - NDSU Agriculture
PDF - NDSU Agriculture

... necessary for all living organisms. ...
Lynch Syndrome
Lynch Syndrome

... The human body is made of small living units called cells. Cells in the body contain millions of genes. Genes are the basic structural and functional units of heredity. ...
dna extraction - Medical Research Council
dna extraction - Medical Research Council

... Here is some cell juice made fresh this morning – this is a mixture of water and peas all mashed up in a blender. »» Select participant to add 30ml of washing up liquid to the measuring jug– then use the funnel to pour 100ml of cell juice into the measuring jug and gently mix. »» Swirl the liquid to ...
Restriction Digestion and Analysis of Lambda DNA
Restriction Digestion and Analysis of Lambda DNA

... nucleotides. Each reaction contains the DNA polymerase, the single-stranded DNA template to be sequenced to which a synthetic primer has been hybridized, the four deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dTTP), often ad isotopically labeled deoxynucleotide triphosphate, such as 32P, and ...
Have Good Genes in a Good Environment in Early
Have Good Genes in a Good Environment in Early

pdf format publicity flyer for the proceedings
pdf format publicity flyer for the proceedings

... To be published January 2003: Special offer price: £45 (usual price: £85) Chloroplasts and mitochondria are energy-converting organelles of eukaryotic cells. They also contain small, specialised, functional genomes. While their genetic and energy-converting systems are evidently bacterial in origin, ...
WARM UP #17 A common error in meiosis in an egg
WARM UP #17 A common error in meiosis in an egg

Final-Hws.doc
Final-Hws.doc

... c. some organisms can enter a kind of suspended animation to survive harsh conditions d. like organisms associate with like organisms 2. Organisms that can extract energy from light are called __________; organisms that must obtain energy from molecules made by other organisms are called ______. a. ...
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Extrachromosomal DNA



Extrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside of the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside of the nucleus also serves important biological functions.In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. Extrachromosomal DNA is often used in research of replication because it is easy to identify and isolate.Extrachromosomal DNA was found to be structurally different from nuclear DNA. Cytoplasmic DNA is less methylated than DNA found within the nucleus. It was also confirmed that the sequences of cytoplasmic DNA was different from nuclear DNA in the same organism, showing that cytoplasmic DNAs are not simply fragments of nuclear DNA.In addition to DNA found outside of the nucleus in cells, infection of viral genomes also provides an example of extrachromosomal DNA.
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