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Supplementary Methods
Supplementary Methods

... his5+ genes was amplified from the plasmid pFA6a-link-yEGFP-SpHIS532, and the product was integrated into the CRN1 locus in yeast by homologous recombination and selection on SD–His plates; in-frame fusion of the GFP moiety after codon 400 of CRN1 was confirmed by PCR. Using genomic DNA from this s ...
Unit 5 Review
Unit 5 Review

... What are the reproductive cells that transmit genes from one generation to the next? True or false: gametes are found in plants AND animals How do sexually reproducing organisms produce offspring that are both similar to the parents, but are also genetically distinct from the parents? Why is sexual ...
Chapters 12 through 16 Unit objective answers checked
Chapters 12 through 16 Unit objective answers checked

... fertilization causes the union of any sperm with any egg that may e produced leading to more variation. They introduce variations by mixing and matching – more details in powerpoint (important question). 16) Do the G1, S, and G2 phase occur before meiosis? Yes. But S phase occurs only once and 2 div ...
B left E
B left E

... 22. Which of the following is true about post-transcriptional RNA modifications in prokaryotes A. The 5’ end of the transcript is capped and the 3’ end is polyadenylated. B. Introns are spliced out of the transcript to form the mature mRNA. C. They do not occur, since translation and trascription ar ...
A = T
A = T

...  The two chains held together by hydrogen bonds formed between pairs of bases.  Pairing is highly specific. It is always that Adenine pairs with Thymine, A = T; and Guanine pairs with Cytosine, G = C. ...
Genomics
Genomics

... • Unlike the human's seemingly random distribution of gene-rich areas, many other organisms' genomes are more uniform, with genes evenly spaced throughout. • Humans have on average three times as many kinds of proteins as the fly or worm because of mRNA transcript "alternative splicing" and chemical ...
BioPHP - Minitools Chaos Game Representation of DNAGraphical
BioPHP - Minitools Chaos Game Representation of DNAGraphical

... This program has multiple functions. Using this tool, a variety of routine DNA manipulation tasks can be performed such as, removing the non-coding characters in the sequence, reversing the sequence, reverse complement, to show the complementary strand sequence, and to convert DNA into RNA sequence. ...
What is a gene?
What is a gene?

... • genes for individual enzymes of one pathway are often located far apart in the genome ...
36. For which term can fur colour be used as an example? (A
36. For which term can fur colour be used as an example? (A

... 51. In pea plants, tall is dominant over short and purple flowers are dominant over white. 500 offspring were produced from a cross between two pea plants that are both heterozygous for each trait. Approximately, how many of the offspring would be tall with purple flowers? (A) 30 (B) 90 (C) 280 (D) ...
Genomics
Genomics

... • Unlike the human's seemingly random distribution of gene-rich areas, many other organisms' genomes are more uniform, with genes evenly spaced throughout. • Humans have on average three times as many kinds of proteins as the fly or worm because of mRNA transcript "alternative splicing" and chemical ...
CHEM642-14 Powerpoint
CHEM642-14 Powerpoint

notes
notes

... Translation uses tRNA molecules and ribosomes to join amino acids into a polypeptide chain according to the mRNA sequence (as read in codons) The universality of the genetic code means all organisms show the same relationship between genes and polypeptides (indicating a common ancestry and allowing ...
Tissue DNA extraction and PCR determinations
Tissue DNA extraction and PCR determinations

... lymph nodes from each heifer were also examined by ITS1 PCR. From each foetus, five samples from the brain and three from the heart, the lungs, the liver and the semitendinosus muscle and one aliquot of thoracic and abdominal fluids were tested by ITS1 PCR. Five placentomes (five maternal caruncles ...
PROYECTO GENOMA HUMANO
PROYECTO GENOMA HUMANO

... Full-scale sequencing begins ‘Working draft’ produced Final sequence published ...
Fernanda Appleton Biology 1615 Research Paper:” The Oxytricha
Fernanda Appleton Biology 1615 Research Paper:” The Oxytricha

... somatic nucleus, has a unique genome architecture. Unlike its diploid germline genome, which is transcriptionally inactive during normal cellular growth, the macronuclear genome is fragmented into at least 16,000 tiny (~3.2 kb mean length) chromosomes, most of which encode single actively transcribe ...
A parasite`s parasite saves host`s neighbours
A parasite`s parasite saves host`s neighbours

... indirectly, by host integration of the virophage DNA sequences, which are expressed only during subsequent encounters with the giant virus. As with CRISPR–Cas-mediated immunity, it is not clear how a host cell survives to retain immunological memory, given that infection by CroV is usually fatal, as ...
Molecular Cloning
Molecular Cloning

... Informatics for Molecular Cloning ...
Enhancing and Evolving to “Perfection”? Unit Study Guid e PART I
Enhancing and Evolving to “Perfection”? Unit Study Guid e PART I

... 5. Use the WORD BANK below to compare bacteria and viruses in the Venn diagram. Write each word or phrase within the area that shows whether the characteristic belongs to both, only bacteria, or only viruses (pages 320-321 and 200-203) WORD BANK: Can be killed by antibiotics Single-celled organisms ...
ASE FS21 GM handout (DOC 756Kb)
ASE FS21 GM handout (DOC 756Kb)

... the sequence from. The first reading frame with a Methionine at the beginning and a dash (indicating a stop codon) at the end is the correct translation. ...
File
File

...  Only the dominant allele affects children’s phenotypic characteristics  Carriers:  heterozygous (have one recessive allele)  can pass recessive trait to their children ...
A rough guide to molecular biology.
A rough guide to molecular biology.

... are considered in units of three base pairs called codons, with each codon potentially directing the insertion of one amino acid into the protein being synthesized. Only 61 of the 64 possible codons specify individual amino acids, and because there are 61 codons for 20 amino acids, many amino acids ...
DNA webquest
DNA webquest

... (text), answer the questions below, and then click “OK.” 1. In a real cell, what does the DNA molecule do before it unzips? 2. What molecules break the rungs (bases) apart? Drag the correct bases over to “synthesize” the new DNA halves. Read the script, answer the questions below and then click “OK. ...
File - need help with revision notes?
File - need help with revision notes?

Mutations
Mutations

... Germline mutation- happens before meiosis; affects all cells in the new organism Somatic mutation- happens before mitosis; after only immediate daughter cells and their descendents – More severe the earlier it occurs – Creates a mosaic – Can lead to some forms of cancer ...
SBI4U: Molecular Genetics Unit Review
SBI4U: Molecular Genetics Unit Review

... Setup: Grew E. coli on medium with heavy nitrogen (15N). All E. coli DNA contained 15N, and so was denser than DNA containing regular 14N. Introduced this E. coli to a medium containing regular 14N and allowed replication to occur. Following replication, DNA was extracted, purified, and then separat ...
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Extrachromosomal DNA



Extrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside of the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside of the nucleus also serves important biological functions.In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. Extrachromosomal DNA is often used in research of replication because it is easy to identify and isolate.Extrachromosomal DNA was found to be structurally different from nuclear DNA. Cytoplasmic DNA is less methylated than DNA found within the nucleus. It was also confirmed that the sequences of cytoplasmic DNA was different from nuclear DNA in the same organism, showing that cytoplasmic DNAs are not simply fragments of nuclear DNA.In addition to DNA found outside of the nucleus in cells, infection of viral genomes also provides an example of extrachromosomal DNA.
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