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trp operon – a repressible system
trp operon – a repressible system

... Gene regulation in eukaryotes is more complex than it is in prokaryotes because of: – the larger amount of DNA – the organization of chromatin – larger number of chromosomes – spatial separation of transcription and translation – mRNA processing – RNA stability – cellular differentiation in eukar ...
MicroRNAs: something important between the genes
MicroRNAs: something important between the genes

... exhibited mismatches with the corresponding miRNA was demonstrated in the miR165/166-PHV couple [11]. In vitro wheat germ assays demonstrated that miR165/ R166 direct the efficient cleavage of exogenously introduced wildtype PHV RNA, but cleave a phv mRNA carrying a single-nucleotide change ineffi ...
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Predicting the Genes Regulated by MicroRNAs via Binding Sites in

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... Micro-RNAs (e.g., so-called stRNAs) are also involved in endogenous gene regulation ...
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Problem 3: Why do pre-mRNAs get smaller during RNA processing?
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... D. mRNA is often extensively modified before translation E. multiple copies of nuclear genes, and pseudogenes can occur ...
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... in the viral genome and were first discovered in the herpes virus families [56]. To-date 26 mammalian viruses have been described to harbour viral miRNAs including the human EBV (Epstein–Barr virus), herpes simplex virus 1/2 [57], MDV (Marek’s disease virus) [58] and KSHV (Kaposi’s sarcoma-associate ...
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... Most widely held view is that RNAi evolved to protect the genome from viruses (and perhaps transposons or mobile DNAs). • Some viruses have proteins that suppress silencing: 1. HCPro - first one identified, found in plant potyviruses (V. Vance) 2. P19 - tomato bushy stunt virus, binds to siRNAs and ...
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... Pathogenic viruses are an ever-present threat. Using human herpesviruses as his model, virologist Professor Jürgen Haas has set out to elucidate systematically the complex molecular interactions that determine the outcome of a viral infection. A comprehensive understanding of the interplay between h ...
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... groups of RNA play a powerful role in regulating gene expression. They do so by interfering with mRNA. ...
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... Hundreds of microRNAs (miRNAs) – short RNAs that mediate networks of post-transcriptional gene regulation – have been recorded in animals. Because cell-based assays and bioinformatics provide evidence for large numbers of functional targets for individual miRNAs, it is not obvious that manipulation ...
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... cases is linked to mutations in the FUS/TLS and TARDP genes, both encoding for putative regulators of microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis. In the nervous system, miRNAs fine-tune neuronal gene expression in a spatially and temporally restricted manner and deregulation of specific miRNAs correlates with the ...
Genetic Controls in Eukaryotes
Genetic Controls in Eukaryotes

...  Regulation at post-transcriptional level - RNA processing o Alternative RNA splicing = different segments of RNA are treated as exons and introns = different mRNA o Controlled by regulatory proteins specific to each cell type o Consequence = a single gene can code for more than one polypeptide = ...
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MicroRNA



A micro RNA (abbreviated miRNA) is a small non-coding RNA molecule (containing about 22 nucleotides) found in plants, animals, and some viruses, which functions in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.Encoded by eukaryotic nuclear DNA in plants and animals and by viral DNA in certain viruses whose genome is based on DNA, miRNAs function via base-pairing with complementary sequences within mRNA molecules. As a result, these mRNA molecules are silenced by one or more of the following processes: 1) cleavage of the mRNA strand into two pieces, 2) destabilization of the mRNA through shortening of its poly(A) tail, and 3) less efficient translation of the mRNA into proteins by ribosomes. miRNAs resemble the small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) of the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, except miRNAs derive from regions of RNA transcripts that fold back on themselves to form short hairpins, whereas siRNAs derive from longer regions of double-stranded RNA. The human genome may encode over 1000 miRNAs, which are abundant in many mammalian cell types and appear to target about 60% of the genes of humans and other mammals.miRNAs are well conserved in both plants and animals, and are thought to be a vital and evolutionarily ancient component of genetic regulation. While core components of the microRNA pathway are conserved between plants and animals, miRNA repertoires in the two kingdoms appear to have emerged independently with different primary modes of action. Plant miRNAs usually have near-perfect pairing with their mRNA targets, which induces gene repression through cleavage of the target transcripts. In contrast, animal miRNAs are able to recognize their target mRNAs by using as little as 6–8 nucleotides (the seed region) at the 5' end of the miRNA, which is not enough pairing to induce cleavage of the target mRNAs. Combinatorial regulation is a feature of miRNA regulation in animals. A given miRNA may have hundreds of different mRNA targets, and a given target might be regulated by multiple miRNAs.The first miRNA was discovered in the early 1990s. However, miRNAs were not recognized as a distinct class of biological regulators until the early 2000s. Since then, miRNA research has revealed different sets of miRNAs expressed in different cell types and tissuesand has revealed multiple roles for miRNAs in plant and animal development and in many other biological processes. Aberrant expression of miRNAs has been implicated in numerous disease states, and miRNA-based therapies are under investigation.Estimates of the average number of unique messenger RNAs that are targets for repression by a typical microRNA vary, depending on the method used to make the estimate, but several approaches show that mammalian miRNAs can have many unique targets. For example, an analysis of the miRNAs highly conserved in vertebrate animals shows that each of these miRNAs has, on average, roughly 400 conserved targets. Likewise, experiments show that a single miRNA can reduce the stability of hundreds of unique messenger RNAs, and other experiments show that a single miRNA may repress the production of hundreds of proteins, but that this repression often is relatively mild (less than 2-fold).
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