trp operon – a repressible system
... Gene regulation in eukaryotes is more complex than it is in prokaryotes because of: – the larger amount of DNA – the organization of chromatin – larger number of chromosomes – spatial separation of transcription and translation – mRNA processing – RNA stability – cellular differentiation in eukar ...
... Gene regulation in eukaryotes is more complex than it is in prokaryotes because of: – the larger amount of DNA – the organization of chromatin – larger number of chromosomes – spatial separation of transcription and translation – mRNA processing – RNA stability – cellular differentiation in eukar ...
MicroRNAs: something important between the genes
... exhibited mismatches with the corresponding miRNA was demonstrated in the miR165/166-PHV couple [11]. In vitro wheat germ assays demonstrated that miR165/ R166 direct the efficient cleavage of exogenously introduced wildtype PHV RNA, but cleave a phv mRNA carrying a single-nucleotide change ineffi ...
... exhibited mismatches with the corresponding miRNA was demonstrated in the miR165/166-PHV couple [11]. In vitro wheat germ assays demonstrated that miR165/ R166 direct the efficient cleavage of exogenously introduced wildtype PHV RNA, but cleave a phv mRNA carrying a single-nucleotide change ineffi ...
Discovery and analysis of inflammatory disease-related
... Ninety-six-element microarray design. The target element name and the corresponding gene are shown in the layout. Some genes have more than one target element to guarantee specificity of signal. ...
... Ninety-six-element microarray design. The target element name and the corresponding gene are shown in the layout. Some genes have more than one target element to guarantee specificity of signal. ...
PowerPoint
... Micro-RNAs (e.g., so-called stRNAs) are also involved in endogenous gene regulation ...
... Micro-RNAs (e.g., so-called stRNAs) are also involved in endogenous gene regulation ...
Gene Section MIR30A (microRNA 30a) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... - KCNQ5, potassium voltage-gated channel, KQT-like subfamily, member 5 ...
... - KCNQ5, potassium voltage-gated channel, KQT-like subfamily, member 5 ...
Regulating Protein Synthesis
... generally under positive control (proteins promote, rather than inhibit, RNA polymerase binding to DNA template). ...
... generally under positive control (proteins promote, rather than inhibit, RNA polymerase binding to DNA template). ...
Problem 3: Why do pre-mRNAs get smaller during RNA processing?
... D. mRNA is often extensively modified before translation E. multiple copies of nuclear genes, and pseudogenes can occur ...
... D. mRNA is often extensively modified before translation E. multiple copies of nuclear genes, and pseudogenes can occur ...
2 Biogenesis and the regulation of the maturation of miRNAs
... in the viral genome and were first discovered in the herpes virus families [56]. To-date 26 mammalian viruses have been described to harbour viral miRNAs including the human EBV (Epstein–Barr virus), herpes simplex virus 1/2 [57], MDV (Marek’s disease virus) [58] and KSHV (Kaposi’s sarcoma-associate ...
... in the viral genome and were first discovered in the herpes virus families [56]. To-date 26 mammalian viruses have been described to harbour viral miRNAs including the human EBV (Epstein–Barr virus), herpes simplex virus 1/2 [57], MDV (Marek’s disease virus) [58] and KSHV (Kaposi’s sarcoma-associate ...
miRNA
... or clusters of similarly expressed genes Generation from these analyses of new hypotheses about the underlying biological processes stimulates new hypotheses that in turn should be tested in follow-up experiments ...
... or clusters of similarly expressed genes Generation from these analyses of new hypotheses about the underlying biological processes stimulates new hypotheses that in turn should be tested in follow-up experiments ...
MiRNA_GO_Meeting_August2015
... Direct curation of the roles of miRNAs is expected to improve miRNA functional analysis that has so far relied on indirect analysis of the gene targets’ functions “We show that the most commonly used functional enrichment test is inappropriate for the analysis of sets of genes targeted by miRNAs.” B ...
... Direct curation of the roles of miRNAs is expected to improve miRNA functional analysis that has so far relied on indirect analysis of the gene targets’ functions “We show that the most commonly used functional enrichment test is inappropriate for the analysis of sets of genes targeted by miRNAs.” B ...
RNA interference - genemol de Jean
... certain parts of the genome are transcribed into microRNA, short RNA molecules that fold back on themselves in a hairpin shape to create a double strand. When the RNA interference machinery detects these double strands, it will also destroy all mRNAs that match the microRNA, thus preventing their tr ...
... certain parts of the genome are transcribed into microRNA, short RNA molecules that fold back on themselves in a hairpin shape to create a double strand. When the RNA interference machinery detects these double strands, it will also destroy all mRNAs that match the microRNA, thus preventing their tr ...
Genetics Journal Club
... mechanisms of obesity by looking at coding and non-coding RNA expression patterns in patients with PWS, ALMS, non-syndromic obesity and comparing them to non-obese subjects. -Disease specific patterns ...
... mechanisms of obesity by looking at coding and non-coding RNA expression patterns in patients with PWS, ALMS, non-syndromic obesity and comparing them to non-obese subjects. -Disease specific patterns ...
Post-transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS)
... Most widely held view is that RNAi evolved to protect the genome from viruses (and perhaps transposons or mobile DNAs). • Some viruses have proteins that suppress silencing: 1. HCPro - first one identified, found in plant potyviruses (V. Vance) 2. P19 - tomato bushy stunt virus, binds to siRNAs and ...
... Most widely held view is that RNAi evolved to protect the genome from viruses (and perhaps transposons or mobile DNAs). • Some viruses have proteins that suppress silencing: 1. HCPro - first one identified, found in plant potyviruses (V. Vance) 2. P19 - tomato bushy stunt virus, binds to siRNAs and ...
20141203103493
... Acetylation of histone tails promotes loose chromatin structure that permits transcription ...
... Acetylation of histone tails promotes loose chromatin structure that permits transcription ...
Posttranscriptional Gene Silencing-2015
... Overview of piRNA Biogenesis in the Drosophila Female Germ Line Precursor piRNAs are transcribed from piRNA clusters ...
... Overview of piRNA Biogenesis in the Drosophila Female Germ Line Precursor piRNAs are transcribed from piRNA clusters ...
Control of Gene Expression
... that have differentiated in a particular way. For example, a plasma cell expresses continuously the gene for the antibody it synthesizes. • Some are expressed only as conditions around and in the cell change. For example, the arrival of a hormone may turn on (or off) certain genes in that cell ...
... that have differentiated in a particular way. For example, a plasma cell expresses continuously the gene for the antibody it synthesizes. • Some are expressed only as conditions around and in the cell change. For example, the arrival of a hormone may turn on (or off) certain genes in that cell ...
![[PDF]](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/008788906_1-64311ba75f05f93c632339f5982f258f-300x300.png)
insightLMU RESEARCH
... Pathogenic viruses are an ever-present threat. Using human herpesviruses as his model, virologist Professor Jürgen Haas has set out to elucidate systematically the complex molecular interactions that determine the outcome of a viral infection. A comprehensive understanding of the interplay between h ...
... Pathogenic viruses are an ever-present threat. Using human herpesviruses as his model, virologist Professor Jürgen Haas has set out to elucidate systematically the complex molecular interactions that determine the outcome of a viral infection. A comprehensive understanding of the interplay between h ...
13.4 Gene Expression
... groups of RNA play a powerful role in regulating gene expression. They do so by interfering with mRNA. ...
... groups of RNA play a powerful role in regulating gene expression. They do so by interfering with mRNA. ...
PDF
... Hundreds of microRNAs (miRNAs) – short RNAs that mediate networks of post-transcriptional gene regulation – have been recorded in animals. Because cell-based assays and bioinformatics provide evidence for large numbers of functional targets for individual miRNAs, it is not obvious that manipulation ...
... Hundreds of microRNAs (miRNAs) – short RNAs that mediate networks of post-transcriptional gene regulation – have been recorded in animals. Because cell-based assays and bioinformatics provide evidence for large numbers of functional targets for individual miRNAs, it is not obvious that manipulation ...
miRNA - apctp
... generated by the RNase III-type enzyme from an endogenous transcript that contains a local hairpin structure. Typical secondary structure of animal miRNA precursors ...
... generated by the RNase III-type enzyme from an endogenous transcript that contains a local hairpin structure. Typical secondary structure of animal miRNA precursors ...
Reprogramming somatic cells into iPS cells to generate an in vitro
... cases is linked to mutations in the FUS/TLS and TARDP genes, both encoding for putative regulators of microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis. In the nervous system, miRNAs fine-tune neuronal gene expression in a spatially and temporally restricted manner and deregulation of specific miRNAs correlates with the ...
... cases is linked to mutations in the FUS/TLS and TARDP genes, both encoding for putative regulators of microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis. In the nervous system, miRNAs fine-tune neuronal gene expression in a spatially and temporally restricted manner and deregulation of specific miRNAs correlates with the ...
Genetic Controls in Eukaryotes
... Regulation at post-transcriptional level - RNA processing o Alternative RNA splicing = different segments of RNA are treated as exons and introns = different mRNA o Controlled by regulatory proteins specific to each cell type o Consequence = a single gene can code for more than one polypeptide = ...
... Regulation at post-transcriptional level - RNA processing o Alternative RNA splicing = different segments of RNA are treated as exons and introns = different mRNA o Controlled by regulatory proteins specific to each cell type o Consequence = a single gene can code for more than one polypeptide = ...
MicroRNA
A micro RNA (abbreviated miRNA) is a small non-coding RNA molecule (containing about 22 nucleotides) found in plants, animals, and some viruses, which functions in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.Encoded by eukaryotic nuclear DNA in plants and animals and by viral DNA in certain viruses whose genome is based on DNA, miRNAs function via base-pairing with complementary sequences within mRNA molecules. As a result, these mRNA molecules are silenced by one or more of the following processes: 1) cleavage of the mRNA strand into two pieces, 2) destabilization of the mRNA through shortening of its poly(A) tail, and 3) less efficient translation of the mRNA into proteins by ribosomes. miRNAs resemble the small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) of the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, except miRNAs derive from regions of RNA transcripts that fold back on themselves to form short hairpins, whereas siRNAs derive from longer regions of double-stranded RNA. The human genome may encode over 1000 miRNAs, which are abundant in many mammalian cell types and appear to target about 60% of the genes of humans and other mammals.miRNAs are well conserved in both plants and animals, and are thought to be a vital and evolutionarily ancient component of genetic regulation. While core components of the microRNA pathway are conserved between plants and animals, miRNA repertoires in the two kingdoms appear to have emerged independently with different primary modes of action. Plant miRNAs usually have near-perfect pairing with their mRNA targets, which induces gene repression through cleavage of the target transcripts. In contrast, animal miRNAs are able to recognize their target mRNAs by using as little as 6–8 nucleotides (the seed region) at the 5' end of the miRNA, which is not enough pairing to induce cleavage of the target mRNAs. Combinatorial regulation is a feature of miRNA regulation in animals. A given miRNA may have hundreds of different mRNA targets, and a given target might be regulated by multiple miRNAs.The first miRNA was discovered in the early 1990s. However, miRNAs were not recognized as a distinct class of biological regulators until the early 2000s. Since then, miRNA research has revealed different sets of miRNAs expressed in different cell types and tissuesand has revealed multiple roles for miRNAs in plant and animal development and in many other biological processes. Aberrant expression of miRNAs has been implicated in numerous disease states, and miRNA-based therapies are under investigation.Estimates of the average number of unique messenger RNAs that are targets for repression by a typical microRNA vary, depending on the method used to make the estimate, but several approaches show that mammalian miRNAs can have many unique targets. For example, an analysis of the miRNAs highly conserved in vertebrate animals shows that each of these miRNAs has, on average, roughly 400 conserved targets. Likewise, experiments show that a single miRNA can reduce the stability of hundreds of unique messenger RNAs, and other experiments show that a single miRNA may repress the production of hundreds of proteins, but that this repression often is relatively mild (less than 2-fold).