![No Slide Title](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/008276842_1-6eef80f02993fe516e4d43959d5c461a-300x300.png)
Complexity in life, multicellular organisms and microRNAs
... they are processed or cut into a pre-miRNA, and finally they undergo another processing to the final mature miRNA of length 22-25. They then bind to specific mRNAs (at their 3'UTR) and inhibit their translation, either by interfering with the ribosome binding, or by promoting cleavage of the targete ...
... they are processed or cut into a pre-miRNA, and finally they undergo another processing to the final mature miRNA of length 22-25. They then bind to specific mRNAs (at their 3'UTR) and inhibit their translation, either by interfering with the ribosome binding, or by promoting cleavage of the targete ...
医学分子生物学
... These sites usually are spread out over a region of >200 bp. common: used constitutively specific: usage is regulated; define a particular class of genes These sites are organized in different combinations ...
... These sites usually are spread out over a region of >200 bp. common: used constitutively specific: usage is regulated; define a particular class of genes These sites are organized in different combinations ...
Document
... ◦ a. Activators, proteins important in transcription regulation, are recognized by promoter-proximal elements. ◦ b. Housekeeping (used in all cell types for basic cellular functions) genes have common promoter-proximal elements and are recognized by activator proteins found in all cells. ...
... ◦ a. Activators, proteins important in transcription regulation, are recognized by promoter-proximal elements. ◦ b. Housekeeping (used in all cell types for basic cellular functions) genes have common promoter-proximal elements and are recognized by activator proteins found in all cells. ...
Presentation - University of Warwick
... in many human cancers. The protein product is a transcription factor that works in a heterodimeric complex with the protein Max (figure 1). This complex controls cell cycle progression (G1 to S phase), inhibits terminal differentiation, and (somewhat paradoxically) can induce apoptosis. Control of a ...
... in many human cancers. The protein product is a transcription factor that works in a heterodimeric complex with the protein Max (figure 1). This complex controls cell cycle progression (G1 to S phase), inhibits terminal differentiation, and (somewhat paradoxically) can induce apoptosis. Control of a ...
Expression of Multiple Artificial MicroRNAs from a Chicken miRNA126-Based Lentiviral Vector
... We reasoned that using chicken miRNA-based expression cassettes in the lentiviral vector may improve knockdown efficiency in transduced chicken DF-1 cells. Based on literature reports and the miRNA database (miRBase), we chose four endogenous chicken miRNAs gga-miR21, gga-miR126, gga-miR140 and gga- ...
... We reasoned that using chicken miRNA-based expression cassettes in the lentiviral vector may improve knockdown efficiency in transduced chicken DF-1 cells. Based on literature reports and the miRNA database (miRBase), we chose four endogenous chicken miRNAs gga-miR21, gga-miR126, gga-miR140 and gga- ...
JGU_ProteinBCshort - Computational Biology and Data Mining group
... mRNA degradation rate changes final steady state and response time protein degradation rate changes final steady state and response time mRNA and protein synthesis rates change only final steady state ...
... mRNA degradation rate changes final steady state and response time protein degradation rate changes final steady state and response time mRNA and protein synthesis rates change only final steady state ...
Cytoplasmic RNA improves accuracy of mRNA
... cytoplasmic RNA fractions. These bands completely disappeared in well 2 (kit with modifications) indicating that the RNA purified using this protocol contains low crosscontamination between the RNA populations. B) High quality retrieval of Cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA was tested using the Bioanalyzer ...
... cytoplasmic RNA fractions. These bands completely disappeared in well 2 (kit with modifications) indicating that the RNA purified using this protocol contains low crosscontamination between the RNA populations. B) High quality retrieval of Cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA was tested using the Bioanalyzer ...
LECT34 RNAproc
... A: During nuclear processing, the introns are spliced out and exons are joined together in a linear continuum Q: How is this accomplished? A: Cells have mechanism that recognize introns. The most common is a spliceosome that recognizes the boundaries of intron-exon junctions and knows were to cleave ...
... A: During nuclear processing, the introns are spliced out and exons are joined together in a linear continuum Q: How is this accomplished? A: Cells have mechanism that recognize introns. The most common is a spliceosome that recognizes the boundaries of intron-exon junctions and knows were to cleave ...
RNA AND TYPES
... RIBOSOMAL RNA rRNA, or Ribosomal RNA, contributes significantly to the structure of the ribosomes in a cell. mRNA, and tRNA work together the the ribosomes to synthesize proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed exclusively within the nucleolus while other types of RNA are synthesized through ...
... RIBOSOMAL RNA rRNA, or Ribosomal RNA, contributes significantly to the structure of the ribosomes in a cell. mRNA, and tRNA work together the the ribosomes to synthesize proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed exclusively within the nucleolus while other types of RNA are synthesized through ...
transcriptiontranslation lecture
... RNA pol. to detach and mRNA to be released Eukaryotes: premRNA is cleaved due to a particular DNA sequence but needs to be processed into mRNA! 1. 5’end cap is added 2. 3’ tail called a poly-A tail is added ...
... RNA pol. to detach and mRNA to be released Eukaryotes: premRNA is cleaved due to a particular DNA sequence but needs to be processed into mRNA! 1. 5’end cap is added 2. 3’ tail called a poly-A tail is added ...
PowerPoint-RNA
... beginning of an mRNA molecule 2. A tRNA molecule carrying an amino acid matches up to a complementary triplet on mRNA on the ribosome 3. The ribosome attaches one amino acid to another as it moves along the mRNA molecule 4. The tRNA molecules are released after the amino acids they carry are attache ...
... beginning of an mRNA molecule 2. A tRNA molecule carrying an amino acid matches up to a complementary triplet on mRNA on the ribosome 3. The ribosome attaches one amino acid to another as it moves along the mRNA molecule 4. The tRNA molecules are released after the amino acids they carry are attache ...
Discovery through RNA-Seq
... • Top hit of our algorithm : ESRRA-C11orf20 • Isoform-specific estimation: ESRRA and the fusion are expressed at roughly equal magnitude (Salzman, Jiang, Wong) ESRRA Fusion C11orf20 ...
... • Top hit of our algorithm : ESRRA-C11orf20 • Isoform-specific estimation: ESRRA and the fusion are expressed at roughly equal magnitude (Salzman, Jiang, Wong) ESRRA Fusion C11orf20 ...
video slide
... Only a small fraction of DNA codes for proteins, rRNA, and tRNA A significant amount of the genome may be transcribed into noncoding RNAs Noncoding RNAs regulate gene expression at two points: mRNA translation and chromatin configuration ...
... Only a small fraction of DNA codes for proteins, rRNA, and tRNA A significant amount of the genome may be transcribed into noncoding RNAs Noncoding RNAs regulate gene expression at two points: mRNA translation and chromatin configuration ...
chapter12
... They remove two phosphates as the subunits are covalently linked to the 3’ end of the growing RNA molecule. These reactions are strongly exergonic. Messenger RNA contains the base sequence that codes for proteins. ...
... They remove two phosphates as the subunits are covalently linked to the 3’ end of the growing RNA molecule. These reactions are strongly exergonic. Messenger RNA contains the base sequence that codes for proteins. ...
Prokaryotic Regulatory RNAs Cole Franks Proteins have been
... Prokaryotic regulatory proteins are particularly well understood; allosteric enzymes have been known since the 1960’s to carry out negative feedback. It seems, however, that proteins are far from the whole regulatory story. Evidence has been compiling for regulation by RNA itself. Most are familiar ...
... Prokaryotic regulatory proteins are particularly well understood; allosteric enzymes have been known since the 1960’s to carry out negative feedback. It seems, however, that proteins are far from the whole regulatory story. Evidence has been compiling for regulation by RNA itself. Most are familiar ...
Glimpses of a few literatures on snRNA
... Higher eukaryotes can mount antiviral immune responses induced by dsRNA. This process, called RNA interference, is sequence specific and can therefore be used to target gene expression. Nature Immunology 3, 597 - 599 (2002) doi:10.1038/ni0702-597 ...
... Higher eukaryotes can mount antiviral immune responses induced by dsRNA. This process, called RNA interference, is sequence specific and can therefore be used to target gene expression. Nature Immunology 3, 597 - 599 (2002) doi:10.1038/ni0702-597 ...
Transcription & Translation
... RNA – the chemical messenger 2. RNA’s Role... a. get DNA code to ribosome for protein synthesis 3. Types of RNA a. Messenger RNA (mRNA) 1. RNA copy of DNA code 2. takes copy to ribosome ...
... RNA – the chemical messenger 2. RNA’s Role... a. get DNA code to ribosome for protein synthesis 3. Types of RNA a. Messenger RNA (mRNA) 1. RNA copy of DNA code 2. takes copy to ribosome ...
Inherited variation at the epigenetic level: paramutation from the
... extreme stability [3,6]. Epigenetic changes in B-I expression lead to a lighter color of the plant. The modified state, B0 *, is induced when the original, paramutable B-I allele is associated in a heterozygote with a paramutagenic allele. A tandemly repeated region 100 kb upstream of B-I is suffi ...
... extreme stability [3,6]. Epigenetic changes in B-I expression lead to a lighter color of the plant. The modified state, B0 *, is induced when the original, paramutable B-I allele is associated in a heterozygote with a paramutagenic allele. A tandemly repeated region 100 kb upstream of B-I is suffi ...
HL Protein Synthesis Question Sheet
... Transcription is the process of making an mRNA copy of the DNA. Translation is the use of mRNA and tRNA by ribosomes to synthesise a polypeptide chain. Although the processes are similar in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, there are some important differences. Transcription in eukaryotes is more com ...
... Transcription is the process of making an mRNA copy of the DNA. Translation is the use of mRNA and tRNA by ribosomes to synthesise a polypeptide chain. Although the processes are similar in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, there are some important differences. Transcription in eukaryotes is more com ...
Protein Synthesis Overview
... packaged) 1. Introns (interrupting sequences) removed 2. Exons spliced together 3. G3 Cap and PolyA Tail attached ...
... packaged) 1. Introns (interrupting sequences) removed 2. Exons spliced together 3. G3 Cap and PolyA Tail attached ...
RNA - GVI.cz
... synthesis (= synthesis of proteins) synthesis of proteins = protein synthesis : fundamental process, by which the information from DNA is transferred into a particular sign polynucleotide chain ...
... synthesis (= synthesis of proteins) synthesis of proteins = protein synthesis : fundamental process, by which the information from DNA is transferred into a particular sign polynucleotide chain ...
Expanding the `central dogma`: the regulatory role of
... complementarity tend to result in mRNA cleavage and degradation, ncRNA–target interactions with imperfect complementarity tend to result in mRNA translational inhibition. Since in animals, miRNA– target interactions typically involve imperfect bp complementarity, miRNAs act to regulate gene expressi ...
... complementarity tend to result in mRNA cleavage and degradation, ncRNA–target interactions with imperfect complementarity tend to result in mRNA translational inhibition. Since in animals, miRNA– target interactions typically involve imperfect bp complementarity, miRNAs act to regulate gene expressi ...
MicroRNA
A micro RNA (abbreviated miRNA) is a small non-coding RNA molecule (containing about 22 nucleotides) found in plants, animals, and some viruses, which functions in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.Encoded by eukaryotic nuclear DNA in plants and animals and by viral DNA in certain viruses whose genome is based on DNA, miRNAs function via base-pairing with complementary sequences within mRNA molecules. As a result, these mRNA molecules are silenced by one or more of the following processes: 1) cleavage of the mRNA strand into two pieces, 2) destabilization of the mRNA through shortening of its poly(A) tail, and 3) less efficient translation of the mRNA into proteins by ribosomes. miRNAs resemble the small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) of the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, except miRNAs derive from regions of RNA transcripts that fold back on themselves to form short hairpins, whereas siRNAs derive from longer regions of double-stranded RNA. The human genome may encode over 1000 miRNAs, which are abundant in many mammalian cell types and appear to target about 60% of the genes of humans and other mammals.miRNAs are well conserved in both plants and animals, and are thought to be a vital and evolutionarily ancient component of genetic regulation. While core components of the microRNA pathway are conserved between plants and animals, miRNA repertoires in the two kingdoms appear to have emerged independently with different primary modes of action. Plant miRNAs usually have near-perfect pairing with their mRNA targets, which induces gene repression through cleavage of the target transcripts. In contrast, animal miRNAs are able to recognize their target mRNAs by using as little as 6–8 nucleotides (the seed region) at the 5' end of the miRNA, which is not enough pairing to induce cleavage of the target mRNAs. Combinatorial regulation is a feature of miRNA regulation in animals. A given miRNA may have hundreds of different mRNA targets, and a given target might be regulated by multiple miRNAs.The first miRNA was discovered in the early 1990s. However, miRNAs were not recognized as a distinct class of biological regulators until the early 2000s. Since then, miRNA research has revealed different sets of miRNAs expressed in different cell types and tissuesand has revealed multiple roles for miRNAs in plant and animal development and in many other biological processes. Aberrant expression of miRNAs has been implicated in numerous disease states, and miRNA-based therapies are under investigation.Estimates of the average number of unique messenger RNAs that are targets for repression by a typical microRNA vary, depending on the method used to make the estimate, but several approaches show that mammalian miRNAs can have many unique targets. For example, an analysis of the miRNAs highly conserved in vertebrate animals shows that each of these miRNAs has, on average, roughly 400 conserved targets. Likewise, experiments show that a single miRNA can reduce the stability of hundreds of unique messenger RNAs, and other experiments show that a single miRNA may repress the production of hundreds of proteins, but that this repression often is relatively mild (less than 2-fold).