DISORDERS OF BILIRUBIN METABOLISM
... effects of bilirubin, both in vitro and in vivo. At serum unconjugated bilirubin concentrations over 20 mg/dL, newborn babies are at risk of kernicterus. However, kernicterus can occur at lower concentrations (35). Serum albumin concentrations, pH, and substances that compete for albumin binding are ...
... effects of bilirubin, both in vitro and in vivo. At serum unconjugated bilirubin concentrations over 20 mg/dL, newborn babies are at risk of kernicterus. However, kernicterus can occur at lower concentrations (35). Serum albumin concentrations, pH, and substances that compete for albumin binding are ...
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Pearls, Pitfalls and Advances in 2010
... sequelae such as diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, endometrial hyperplasia/carcinoma, central obesity, sleep apnea, etc. • I will review the pathophysiology,Dx and treatment of this condition. ...
... sequelae such as diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, endometrial hyperplasia/carcinoma, central obesity, sleep apnea, etc. • I will review the pathophysiology,Dx and treatment of this condition. ...
Physiological and Molecular Basis of Thyroid Hormone Action
... to be selenoproteins (280). 5⬘-Deiodination by type I deiodinase and type III deioidinase, which is found primarily in placenta, brain, and skin, leads to the generation of rT3, the key step in the inactivation of TH. rT3 and T3 can be further deiodinated in the liver and are sulfo- and glucuronide- ...
... to be selenoproteins (280). 5⬘-Deiodination by type I deiodinase and type III deioidinase, which is found primarily in placenta, brain, and skin, leads to the generation of rT3, the key step in the inactivation of TH. rT3 and T3 can be further deiodinated in the liver and are sulfo- and glucuronide- ...
17 Thyroid Hormones (T4, T3)
... TPO is a membrane-bound glycoprotein with a central role in thyroid hormone synthesis catalyzing iodine oxidation, iodination of tyrosine residues, and iodothyronine coupling. The human cDNA codes for a 933amino-acid protein with transmembrane domains at the carboxy terminus. The extracellular regio ...
... TPO is a membrane-bound glycoprotein with a central role in thyroid hormone synthesis catalyzing iodine oxidation, iodination of tyrosine residues, and iodothyronine coupling. The human cDNA codes for a 933amino-acid protein with transmembrane domains at the carboxy terminus. The extracellular regio ...
Mechanisms of thyroid hormone action
... TR isoform selectivity for TRE sequences in genes that mediate thyroid hormone response have been seen in some studies, but not all. TRE sequences influence TR isoform interaction with ligand (36) and may influence coactivator recruitment (37). TR interaction with TREs is not static; as has been rep ...
... TR isoform selectivity for TRE sequences in genes that mediate thyroid hormone response have been seen in some studies, but not all. TRE sequences influence TR isoform interaction with ligand (36) and may influence coactivator recruitment (37). TR interaction with TREs is not static; as has been rep ...
Non-preferred transdermal testosterone replacement products
... known. For most symptoms in younger men, the average testosterone threshold corresponds to the lower limit of the normal range. [1] Because testosterone levels vary significantly due to body rhythms, episodic secretion, and measurement variations, at least two levels should be obtained to confirm a ...
... known. For most symptoms in younger men, the average testosterone threshold corresponds to the lower limit of the normal range. [1] Because testosterone levels vary significantly due to body rhythms, episodic secretion, and measurement variations, at least two levels should be obtained to confirm a ...
RLash-Thyroid08 - Deep Blue
... The following information is intended to inform and educate and is not a tool for self-diagnosis or a replacement for medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional. You should speak to your physician or make an appointment to be seen if you have questions or concern ...
... The following information is intended to inform and educate and is not a tool for self-diagnosis or a replacement for medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional. You should speak to your physician or make an appointment to be seen if you have questions or concern ...
Hormonal Regulation of Liver Cytochrome P450 Enzymes
... Sex differences in hepatic drug metabolism have been known for more than 30 years, based on the early studies of Kato, Conney, Gillette, and others^~^. In rats and certain other species, the rate of drug metabolism is often several-fold higher in males as compared to females as revealed by in vivo p ...
... Sex differences in hepatic drug metabolism have been known for more than 30 years, based on the early studies of Kato, Conney, Gillette, and others^~^. In rats and certain other species, the rate of drug metabolism is often several-fold higher in males as compared to females as revealed by in vivo p ...
PROGERIA: A REVIEW Review Article
... of that trial add, when it comes to the results, that: “They further suggest that skin biopsy may be useful to determine if protein farnesylation inhibitors are exerting effects in subjects with HGPS in clinical trials”. Unlike FTIs, pravastatin and zoledronate were approved by the U.S. FDA (in 2006 ...
... of that trial add, when it comes to the results, that: “They further suggest that skin biopsy may be useful to determine if protein farnesylation inhibitors are exerting effects in subjects with HGPS in clinical trials”. Unlike FTIs, pravastatin and zoledronate were approved by the U.S. FDA (in 2006 ...
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia due to 21-Hydroxylase
... born with virilized external genitalia. Most patients cannot synthesize sufficient aldosterone to maintain sodium balance and may develop potentially fatal “salt wasting” crises if not treated. The disease is caused by mutations in the CYP21 gene encoding the steroid 21-hydroxylase enzyme. More than ...
... born with virilized external genitalia. Most patients cannot synthesize sufficient aldosterone to maintain sodium balance and may develop potentially fatal “salt wasting” crises if not treated. The disease is caused by mutations in the CYP21 gene encoding the steroid 21-hydroxylase enzyme. More than ...
The Pathophysiology of Amenorrhea in the Adolescent
... sensitive to circulating levels of estrogen, which inhibit GnRH secretion by the hypothalamus (the “negative feedback loop”). The negative feedback loop is present in the fetus and is active throughout childhood and adolescence. However, the “positive feedback loop,” in which a critical level of est ...
... sensitive to circulating levels of estrogen, which inhibit GnRH secretion by the hypothalamus (the “negative feedback loop”). The negative feedback loop is present in the fetus and is active throughout childhood and adolescence. However, the “positive feedback loop,” in which a critical level of est ...
Test Selection and Interpretation The Quest Diagnostics Manual
... assays for most of the endocrine systems hormones, important metabolites and carrier proteins, free hormones, many hormone receptors, endocrine system autoantibodies, relevant chromosomal abnormalities, and selected genetic mutations. Our commitment to state of the art diagnostics and our dedication ...
... assays for most of the endocrine systems hormones, important metabolites and carrier proteins, free hormones, many hormone receptors, endocrine system autoantibodies, relevant chromosomal abnormalities, and selected genetic mutations. Our commitment to state of the art diagnostics and our dedication ...
Adrenal glands
... If due to a a single benign tumour or hyperplasia in one adrenal gland Surgical removal of the gland May need supplement because of atrophy of the remaining gland which will take some time to become fully functional. Nelson’s syndrome – caused by bilateral adrenalectomy. ACTH will be markedly ...
... If due to a a single benign tumour or hyperplasia in one adrenal gland Surgical removal of the gland May need supplement because of atrophy of the remaining gland which will take some time to become fully functional. Nelson’s syndrome – caused by bilateral adrenalectomy. ACTH will be markedly ...
Adrenal glands
... If due to a a single benign tumour or hyperplasia in one adrenal gland Surgical removal of the gland May need supplement because of atrophy of the remaining gland which will take some time to become fully functional. Nelson’s syndrome – caused by bilateral adrenalectomy. ACTH will be markedly ...
... If due to a a single benign tumour or hyperplasia in one adrenal gland Surgical removal of the gland May need supplement because of atrophy of the remaining gland which will take some time to become fully functional. Nelson’s syndrome – caused by bilateral adrenalectomy. ACTH will be markedly ...
What are the causes of low testosterone?
... The majority of testosterone circulates in the blood bound to a carrier protein (many hormones that are produced in one area and affect another area have a carrier protein that helps their travel through the bloodstream). In this case the carrier protein is called "sex hormone binding globulin," or ...
... The majority of testosterone circulates in the blood bound to a carrier protein (many hormones that are produced in one area and affect another area have a carrier protein that helps their travel through the bloodstream). In this case the carrier protein is called "sex hormone binding globulin," or ...
SOX2 Plays a Critical Role in the Pituitary, Forebrain, and Eye
... entire gene, an intragenic deletion (c.70_89del), and a novel nonsense mutation (p.Q61X) within the DNA binding domain that results in impaired transactivation. We also show that human SOX2 can inhibit -catenin-driven reporter gene expression in vitro, whereas mutant SOX2 proteins are unable to rep ...
... entire gene, an intragenic deletion (c.70_89del), and a novel nonsense mutation (p.Q61X) within the DNA binding domain that results in impaired transactivation. We also show that human SOX2 can inhibit -catenin-driven reporter gene expression in vitro, whereas mutant SOX2 proteins are unable to rep ...
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Thyroid
... ␣-subunit L2 loop was found to be highly mobile in the free subunit, but its mobility in the heterodimer is restricted by the seat-belt (80). It is known that the region ␣33–57 is largely involved in signal transduction and significantly altered by subunit dissociation. According to Erbel et al. (47 ...
... ␣-subunit L2 loop was found to be highly mobile in the free subunit, but its mobility in the heterodimer is restricted by the seat-belt (80). It is known that the region ␣33–57 is largely involved in signal transduction and significantly altered by subunit dissociation. According to Erbel et al. (47 ...
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Thyroid
... hTSH, purified from the cadaver pituitary, has been shown to be heterogeneous at the NH2 terminus of each subunit due to variable terminal truncation of both subunit polypeptide chains occurring physiologically or during purification. Presence of shortened isoforms of circulating TSH may affect inte ...
... hTSH, purified from the cadaver pituitary, has been shown to be heterogeneous at the NH2 terminus of each subunit due to variable terminal truncation of both subunit polypeptide chains occurring physiologically or during purification. Presence of shortened isoforms of circulating TSH may affect inte ...
abnormal-thyroid-hor.. - Thyroid Disease Manager
... compatible with the location of the TBG gene on the long arm of the X-chromosome (Xq22.2) (7,8). This mode of inheritance also suggests that the defects involve the TBG gene proper, rather than the rate of TBG disposal, as long ago postulated (5). The normal, common type TBG (TBG-N or TBG-C), has a ...
... compatible with the location of the TBG gene on the long arm of the X-chromosome (Xq22.2) (7,8). This mode of inheritance also suggests that the defects involve the TBG gene proper, rather than the rate of TBG disposal, as long ago postulated (5). The normal, common type TBG (TBG-N or TBG-C), has a ...
defects of thyroid hormone transport in serum
... compatible with the location of the TBG gene on the long arm of the X-chromosome (Xq22.2) (7,8). This mode of inheritance also suggests that the defects involve the TBG gene proper, rather than the rate of TBG disposal, as long ago postulated (5). The normal, common type TBG (TBG-N or TBG-C), has a ...
... compatible with the location of the TBG gene on the long arm of the X-chromosome (Xq22.2) (7,8). This mode of inheritance also suggests that the defects involve the TBG gene proper, rather than the rate of TBG disposal, as long ago postulated (5). The normal, common type TBG (TBG-N or TBG-C), has a ...
Development, Differentiation and Derivatives of the Wolffian
... 2.4.1 Development of the epididymis Epididymal development depends on a cascade of molecular and morphological events controlling transformation and regression of mesonephric nephrons and the persistence of the Wolffian duct (Kirchhoff, 1999). In the male, some of the mesonephric tubuli eventually f ...
... 2.4.1 Development of the epididymis Epididymal development depends on a cascade of molecular and morphological events controlling transformation and regression of mesonephric nephrons and the persistence of the Wolffian duct (Kirchhoff, 1999). In the male, some of the mesonephric tubuli eventually f ...
PCOS - Hormones.gr
... the Rotterdam criteria were included, in whom serum hormonal levels were determined. Results: In PCOS women as a whole, as well as in patients presenting clinical and/or biochemical hyperandrogenemia (phenotypes I and II), Δ4A levels >3.8 ng/ml were positively related to LH, LH/FSH ratio, T, DHEAS, ...
... the Rotterdam criteria were included, in whom serum hormonal levels were determined. Results: In PCOS women as a whole, as well as in patients presenting clinical and/or biochemical hyperandrogenemia (phenotypes I and II), Δ4A levels >3.8 ng/ml were positively related to LH, LH/FSH ratio, T, DHEAS, ...
Gene Section THRB (Thyroid Hormone Receptor, Beta) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... divided as follows: N-terminal AF1 domain (A/B) responsible for hormone independent transactivation and regulatory proteins binding; DNA binding domain (C) containing two C4-type zinc fingers; hinge region (D) with nuclear localization signal allowing for nuclear transport (regardless of T3 binding ...
... divided as follows: N-terminal AF1 domain (A/B) responsible for hormone independent transactivation and regulatory proteins binding; DNA binding domain (C) containing two C4-type zinc fingers; hinge region (D) with nuclear localization signal allowing for nuclear transport (regardless of T3 binding ...
Recent Advances in the Genetics of Orthodontics
... the presence and severity of EARR to reduce the bias related to the diagnosis of EARR by other types of radiographs. In this report, the positive association was replicated in the Brazilian population. They described that errors will certainly continue to occur until an accurate threedimensional ima ...
... the presence and severity of EARR to reduce the bias related to the diagnosis of EARR by other types of radiographs. In this report, the positive association was replicated in the Brazilian population. They described that errors will certainly continue to occur until an accurate threedimensional ima ...
PDF
... in vitro, and between 48 and 60 h in culture the mammary rudiments completely disappeared in 57 of 65 explants. Although these cultures were maintained for at least 7 days, no glandular outgrowth was observed. By contrast, the survival and development of epidermal cysts and the formation of hair rud ...
... in vitro, and between 48 and 60 h in culture the mammary rudiments completely disappeared in 57 of 65 explants. Although these cultures were maintained for at least 7 days, no glandular outgrowth was observed. By contrast, the survival and development of epidermal cysts and the formation of hair rud ...
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a condition that results in the partial or complete inability of the cell to respond to androgens (androgenic hormones) that stimulate or control the development and maintenance of male physiological characteristics by binding to androgen receptors. The unresponsiveness of the cell to the presence of androgenic hormones can impair, or prevent, both the masculinization of male genitalia in the developing fetus, and the development of male secondary sexual characteristics at puberty, though it does not significantly impair the development of female genital or sexual characteristics in females and males with the condition. As such, androgen insensitivity syndrome is of clinical significance only when it occurs in individuals that are genetically male (that is, persons with a Y-chromosome, or more specifically, an SRY gene).Clinical phenotypes in genetically male individuals with androgen insensitivity syndrome range from a normal external male body plus mild spermatogenic defect in post-pubertal stages, to a full female external body (although internal gonads are male testes instead of female ovaries) including post-pubertal external female characteristic development, despite the presence of a Y-chromosome. Both genetically male and genetically female individuals with AIS show reduced to no secondary terminal hair development.In genetic males with AIS, the condition is divided into three categories that are differentiated by the degree of genital masculinization: CAIS, or complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, is indicated when the external genitalia are that of a normal female; PAIS, or partial androgen insensitivity syndrome, is indicated when the external genitalia are partially, but not fully, masculinized; MAIS, or mild androgen insensitivity syndrome, is indicated when the external genitalia are that of a normal male.Androgen insensitivity syndrome is the largest single entity that leads to 46,XY undermasculinized genitalia in intersex persons. As with other intersex conditions, androgen insensitivity syndrome is independent of both sexual orientation and gender identity. The full spectrum of human sexual orientations has been reported among genetically female and genetically male AIS individuals alike, including: androphilia (i.e. sexual attraction to males) reported by most female-identified genetically-male female-bodied CAIS individuals; gynephilia (i.e. sexual attraction to females) reported even among some female-identified genetically-male female-bodied CAIS individuals in ""lesbian"" relationships; ambiphilia (bisexuality).Similarly, although AIS individuals may report any gender identity, a female gender identity is the gender identity of most, but not all, genetically-male female-bodied individuals with CAIS. Historically, however, the gender identity of CAIS individuals who identify as female has often been the cause of negative social bias and discrimination once their condition is made public. It is a matter of contention for some whether a CAIS individual with a female gender identity and external female body but genetic male sex should be regarded as ""transgender"". Some might regard such a person as ""transgender"" for identifying as female despite their genetic sex being male (even though they have an external female body), or they can be regarded as simply identifying as female in harmony to their external female body (despite their genetic male sex). Much social debate and litigation has resulted as a consequence of both arguments.Male gender identities among a minority of individuals with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, have also been reported. This has resulted in CAIS individuals who are genetically male with an external female body but a male gender identity (irrespective of sexual orientation). A male gender identity among this minority, however, does not eliminate social contentions among some as to whether these individuals are ""transgender"", as they might be regarded to be identifying as male despite their external female body (even though their genetic sex is male), or they can be regarded as simply identifying as male in harmony to their genetic male sex (despite their external female body). This contention can be seen even in modern medical literature, where in one case study the genetically male CAIS patient with male gender identity was said to ""qualif[y] as female-to-male transsexual"" after undergoing genital reconstruction surgery.