Biology 303 EXAM II 3/14/00 NAME
... Crick and co-workers found that when three base additions or three base deletions occurred in a single gene, the wild type phenotype was sometimes restored. This observation supported the hypothesis that ...
... Crick and co-workers found that when three base additions or three base deletions occurred in a single gene, the wild type phenotype was sometimes restored. This observation supported the hypothesis that ...
E co
... EcoRI restriction sites are blunt-end ligated to a DNA molecule using T4DNA ligase.Note that the ligation reaction can add multiple linkers on each end of the blunt-ended DNA. EcoRI digestion removes all but the terminal one,leaving the desired 5’-overhangs.(b)cloning vectors often have polylinkers ...
... EcoRI restriction sites are blunt-end ligated to a DNA molecule using T4DNA ligase.Note that the ligation reaction can add multiple linkers on each end of the blunt-ended DNA. EcoRI digestion removes all but the terminal one,leaving the desired 5’-overhangs.(b)cloning vectors often have polylinkers ...
1. DNA Extraction from a tomato
... As you know all living organisms consist of cells. In almost every cell information is stored as DNA. Scientists routinely investigate and manipulate DNA in their laboratories. For many years it was unclear if a person‟s heritage was due to DNA or proteins. ...
... As you know all living organisms consist of cells. In almost every cell information is stored as DNA. Scientists routinely investigate and manipulate DNA in their laboratories. For many years it was unclear if a person‟s heritage was due to DNA or proteins. ...
Bacterial transformation - BLI-Research-Synbio-2014-session-1
... • Restriction enzymes do not randomly cut, nor do they all cut DNA in the same location. • Like other enzymes they show specificity for certain sites. • Restriction enzymes recognize, bind to, and cut DNA within specific base sequences called restriction sites. ...
... • Restriction enzymes do not randomly cut, nor do they all cut DNA in the same location. • Like other enzymes they show specificity for certain sites. • Restriction enzymes recognize, bind to, and cut DNA within specific base sequences called restriction sites. ...
DNA, Mitosis & Meiosis
... • Introns are areas of noncoding DNA. These are removed from the mRNA. • The coding parts (exons) are kept on the mRNA and spliced or joined together. ...
... • Introns are areas of noncoding DNA. These are removed from the mRNA. • The coding parts (exons) are kept on the mRNA and spliced or joined together. ...
Document
... The specific order of the DNA letters carries the information. • Changing the order of the DNA letters will change the information carried by the gene. • We will talk about how this happens later! ...
... The specific order of the DNA letters carries the information. • Changing the order of the DNA letters will change the information carried by the gene. • We will talk about how this happens later! ...
Ch 12- DNA and RNA
... • Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase perform experiment in 1952 using bacteriophages – Bacteriophages- virus that infects bacteria, composed of DNA or RNA core and a protein coat – Used different radioactive markers to label the DNA and proteins of bacteriophages – The bacteriophages injected only DNA ...
... • Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase perform experiment in 1952 using bacteriophages – Bacteriophages- virus that infects bacteria, composed of DNA or RNA core and a protein coat – Used different radioactive markers to label the DNA and proteins of bacteriophages – The bacteriophages injected only DNA ...
Genomics
... Microarrays: expression profiling and other uses Global Gene Knockouts Global protein localization in yeast Global complex identification in yeast Global two-hybrid analysis in yeast and other organisms ...
... Microarrays: expression profiling and other uses Global Gene Knockouts Global protein localization in yeast Global complex identification in yeast Global two-hybrid analysis in yeast and other organisms ...
Lab 8
... In our cells, DNA is found inside the nucleus, wrapped around basic protein molecules called histones (kind of like thread wrapped around a spool). This combination of DNA and protein is called a nucleosome. The DNA does not leave the nucleus, so when new proteins or other structures need to be made ...
... In our cells, DNA is found inside the nucleus, wrapped around basic protein molecules called histones (kind of like thread wrapped around a spool). This combination of DNA and protein is called a nucleosome. The DNA does not leave the nucleus, so when new proteins or other structures need to be made ...
Nerve activates contraction
... • We can tie together several molecular techniques to compare DNA samples from three individuals. • We start by adding the restriction enzyme to each of the three samples to produce restriction fragments. • We then separate the fragments by gel electrophoresis. • Southern blotting (Southern hybridi ...
... • We can tie together several molecular techniques to compare DNA samples from three individuals. • We start by adding the restriction enzyme to each of the three samples to produce restriction fragments. • We then separate the fragments by gel electrophoresis. • Southern blotting (Southern hybridi ...
Sunflower DNA extraction for RFLP and PCR
... CTAB extraction buffer (1% CTAB, 0.7 M NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 20 mM EDTA pH 8.0, 0.5% PVP40, autoclaved and store at RT) preheated at 60°C and 1 uL βMercaptoethanol (0.1%-0.3%). 2. Put the 2.0 mL tube in 60-65°C water bath for 1.5 hr, mix gently by inverting the tubes for several times every 2 ...
... CTAB extraction buffer (1% CTAB, 0.7 M NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 20 mM EDTA pH 8.0, 0.5% PVP40, autoclaved and store at RT) preheated at 60°C and 1 uL βMercaptoethanol (0.1%-0.3%). 2. Put the 2.0 mL tube in 60-65°C water bath for 1.5 hr, mix gently by inverting the tubes for several times every 2 ...
CHAPTER 1
... By the Numbers • The human genome contains 3164.7 million nucleotide bases (A, C, T, and G). • The average gene consists of 3000 bases, but sizes vary greatly, with the largest known human gene being dystrophin (2.4 million bases). • The total number of genes is estimated at 30,000 to 35,000, much ...
... By the Numbers • The human genome contains 3164.7 million nucleotide bases (A, C, T, and G). • The average gene consists of 3000 bases, but sizes vary greatly, with the largest known human gene being dystrophin (2.4 million bases). • The total number of genes is estimated at 30,000 to 35,000, much ...
DNA
... discover the “transforming factor” They did this by using extracts from the heatkilled cells and digesting specific classes of molecules with enzymes Enzyme ...
... discover the “transforming factor” They did this by using extracts from the heatkilled cells and digesting specific classes of molecules with enzymes Enzyme ...
Mutation
... catch-all category for any form of change in DNA sequence. The textbook has subdivided mechanisms of DNA change into 4 broad categories: 1) Gene mutation - Chapter 14 - this lecture & next 2) Chromosomal Rearrangements Chapter 15 - changes in structure Chapter 15 - changes in number 3) Recombination ...
... catch-all category for any form of change in DNA sequence. The textbook has subdivided mechanisms of DNA change into 4 broad categories: 1) Gene mutation - Chapter 14 - this lecture & next 2) Chromosomal Rearrangements Chapter 15 - changes in structure Chapter 15 - changes in number 3) Recombination ...
Genetic Engineering
... – Some are helpful • Photosynthetic bacteria, bacteria in your large intestine, bacteria on your skin, bacteria that decompose dead organisms…. ...
... – Some are helpful • Photosynthetic bacteria, bacteria in your large intestine, bacteria on your skin, bacteria that decompose dead organisms…. ...
DNA, RNA and Proteins
... eukaryotic cells often have several chromosomes. By starting DNA replication at many sites along the chromosome, eukaryotic cells can replicate their DNA faster than prokaryotes can, two distinct replication forks form at each start site, and replication occurs in oppisite directions. ...
... eukaryotic cells often have several chromosomes. By starting DNA replication at many sites along the chromosome, eukaryotic cells can replicate their DNA faster than prokaryotes can, two distinct replication forks form at each start site, and replication occurs in oppisite directions. ...
Nucleosome
A nucleosome is a basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound in sequence around eight histone protein cores. This structure is often compared to thread wrapped around a spool.Nucleosomes form the fundamental repeating units of eukaryotic chromatin, which is used to pack the large eukaryotic genomes into the nucleus while still ensuring appropriate access to it (in mammalian cells approximately 2 m of linear DNA have to be packed into a nucleus of roughly 10 µm diameter). Nucleosomes are folded through a series of successively higher order structures to eventually form a chromosome; this both compacts DNA and creates an added layer of regulatory control, which ensures correct gene expression. Nucleosomes are thought to carry epigenetically inherited information in the form of covalent modifications of their core histones.Nucleosomes were observed as particles in the electron microscope by Don and Ada Olins and their existence and structure (as histone octamers surrounded by approximately 200 base pairs of DNA) were proposed by Roger Kornberg. The role of the nucleosome as a general gene repressor was demonstrated by Lorch et al. in vitro and by Han and Grunstein in vivo.The nucleosome core particle consists of approximately 147 base pairs of DNA wrapped in 1.67 left-handed superhelical turns around a histone octamer consisting of 2 copies each of the core histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. Core particles are connected by stretches of ""linker DNA"", which can be up to about 80 bp long. Technically, a nucleosome is defined as the core particle plus one of these linker regions; however the word is often synonymous with the core particle. Genome-wide nucleosome positioning maps are now available for many model organisms including mouse liver and brain.Linker histones such as H1 and its isoforms are involved in chromatin compaction and sit at the base of the nucleosome near the DNA entry and exit binding to the linker region of the DNA. Non-condensed nucleosomes without the linker histone resemble ""beads on a string of DNA"" under an electron microscope.In contrast to most eukaryotic cells, mature sperm cells largely use protamines to package their genomic DNA, most likely to achieve an even higher packaging ratio. Histone equivalents and a simplified chromatin structure have also been found in Archea, suggesting that eukaryotes are not the only organisms that use nucleosomes.