A tale of two periods
... Thus Edward Gibbon on the years between 248 and 268, 2 a period which has since antiquity itself been seen as one of the darkest times in the history of the Roman Empire. Our scant literary sources for the period speak of enormous political and military upheaval, and for a long time modern authors h ...
... Thus Edward Gibbon on the years between 248 and 268, 2 a period which has since antiquity itself been seen as one of the darkest times in the history of the Roman Empire. Our scant literary sources for the period speak of enormous political and military upheaval, and for a long time modern authors h ...
The repute and reality of being a Roman emperor
... Remember that although the city was important to him the emperor did not have to pass all his time in Rome, and many emperors visited other parts of the empire. Such mobility was often associated with military campaigns. For instance, there were a significant number of campaigns undertaken during th ...
... Remember that although the city was important to him the emperor did not have to pass all his time in Rome, and many emperors visited other parts of the empire. Such mobility was often associated with military campaigns. For instance, there were a significant number of campaigns undertaken during th ...
File
... tendencies. There were failures, but he also left the treasury with a surplus, perhaps the best proof of a financially sound administration. Domitian's reach extended well beyond the economy. Late in A.D. 85 he made himself censor perpetuus, censor for life, with a general supervision of conduct and ...
... tendencies. There were failures, but he also left the treasury with a surplus, perhaps the best proof of a financially sound administration. Domitian's reach extended well beyond the economy. Late in A.D. 85 he made himself censor perpetuus, censor for life, with a general supervision of conduct and ...
The Later Roman Empire 285 to 476 AD
... The Empire was not formally divided into 4 parts but it operated in practice as follows; Gaul and Britain = Constantius Africa, Spain and Italy = Maximian Illyricum and the Danube territories = Galerius The East and Egypt = Diocletian The city of Rome lacked its former importance. The tetrarchs resi ...
... The Empire was not formally divided into 4 parts but it operated in practice as follows; Gaul and Britain = Constantius Africa, Spain and Italy = Maximian Illyricum and the Danube territories = Galerius The East and Egypt = Diocletian The city of Rome lacked its former importance. The tetrarchs resi ...
Sourcebook p. 253-264
... 7. Augustus was originally given the surname Thurinus, because his dad had a great victory near Thurii. Mark Antony made fun of him for this. Later, Augustus took the name Gaius Caesar. Even later, some Senators suggested he be named Romulus, but one said that he should be called Augustus because it ...
... 7. Augustus was originally given the surname Thurinus, because his dad had a great victory near Thurii. Mark Antony made fun of him for this. Later, Augustus took the name Gaius Caesar. Even later, some Senators suggested he be named Romulus, but one said that he should be called Augustus because it ...
I Caesar: Hadrian
... Pulled back from Parthia and left rule to client kings who would act as buffer. On Danube he burned only bridge across river even though Roman settlers were on other side. Many senators appalled. Saw conquest as way to wealth and glory and felt they had stronger claims to the throne than a Spaniard ...
... Pulled back from Parthia and left rule to client kings who would act as buffer. On Danube he burned only bridge across river even though Roman settlers were on other side. Many senators appalled. Saw conquest as way to wealth and glory and felt they had stronger claims to the throne than a Spaniard ...
Augustus Program and Abstracts
... doubt hyperbolic. But its importance lies not so much in the truth of what Augustus may have said (if he ever said it at all). What matters more is how this phrase is emblematic of the way that architectural imagery was essential to the Romans in how they conceived of what their res publica had beco ...
... doubt hyperbolic. But its importance lies not so much in the truth of what Augustus may have said (if he ever said it at all). What matters more is how this phrase is emblematic of the way that architectural imagery was essential to the Romans in how they conceived of what their res publica had beco ...
AUGUSTUS, LEGISLATIVE POWER, AND THE POWER OF
... his command is the law. This power came to be seen as originating with Augustus and the main issue has been whether or not it was some official step that conferred total power on him.7 Suetonius and Dio both describe extraordinary legislative powers given to Augustus. According to Suetonius, Augustu ...
... his command is the law. This power came to be seen as originating with Augustus and the main issue has been whether or not it was some official step that conferred total power on him.7 Suetonius and Dio both describe extraordinary legislative powers given to Augustus. According to Suetonius, Augustu ...
Augustan Rome - Western Oregon University
... Mark Antony was a member of the Second Roman Triumvirate; the other two were Augustus and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. He lived from 83 BC– 30 BC, most remembered for his relationships with Julius Caesar and Cleopatra. He betrayed Rome when the senate declared war on Egypt, which was ruled by Cleopatra, ...
... Mark Antony was a member of the Second Roman Triumvirate; the other two were Augustus and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. He lived from 83 BC– 30 BC, most remembered for his relationships with Julius Caesar and Cleopatra. He betrayed Rome when the senate declared war on Egypt, which was ruled by Cleopatra, ...
Declining Marital and Birth Rates in the Roman Empire.
... and Cassius, and the Triumvirate of Gaius Octavian, Marcus Antonius, and Aemilius Lepidus. In 42 BC, Brutus and Cassius’ rebellious forces were finally crushed at the Battle of Philippi, proving Antony and Octavian the key players in the Triumvirate. With the resistant forces dealt with, the three m ...
... and Cassius, and the Triumvirate of Gaius Octavian, Marcus Antonius, and Aemilius Lepidus. In 42 BC, Brutus and Cassius’ rebellious forces were finally crushed at the Battle of Philippi, proving Antony and Octavian the key players in the Triumvirate. With the resistant forces dealt with, the three m ...
Zanker - MK2Review
... Agrippa was charged with more secular tasks. He was dedication to the revitalization of public areas, and in his programmatic address of 33 B.C. spoke of “the need to publicly display Greek art” which once again works in accordance with the transformation of private to public luxury. During this tim ...
... Agrippa was charged with more secular tasks. He was dedication to the revitalization of public areas, and in his programmatic address of 33 B.C. spoke of “the need to publicly display Greek art” which once again works in accordance with the transformation of private to public luxury. During this tim ...
The Western Provinces
... equestrian who worked as imperial secretary for the emperors Trajan (AD 98-117) and Hadrian (AD 117-138). He was a friend and correspondent of Pliny the Younger, who secured favours for him. Pliny Letters 10.94-95 sees Pliny writing to Trajan to request the ius trium liberorum (rights granted to par ...
... equestrian who worked as imperial secretary for the emperors Trajan (AD 98-117) and Hadrian (AD 117-138). He was a friend and correspondent of Pliny the Younger, who secured favours for him. Pliny Letters 10.94-95 sees Pliny writing to Trajan to request the ius trium liberorum (rights granted to par ...
Augustus and the Visionary Leadership of Pax Romana
... internecine warfare as the Roman Senate struggled to fill the vacuum left by Caesar.1 The period between 44-30 BC remained one of constant turmoil and warfare. The situation became so dire that at one point the Roman Republic resembled an assortment of independent states under the control of militar ...
... internecine warfare as the Roman Senate struggled to fill the vacuum left by Caesar.1 The period between 44-30 BC remained one of constant turmoil and warfare. The situation became so dire that at one point the Roman Republic resembled an assortment of independent states under the control of militar ...
Anna Tatarkiewicz
... bear in mind that in the Roman world, religion was an integral and indispensable component of social and political life. In other words, political changes were also reflected and expressed in religious aspects of life. Both political and religious issues intermingled and interacted strongly with eac ...
... bear in mind that in the Roman world, religion was an integral and indispensable component of social and political life. In other words, political changes were also reflected and expressed in religious aspects of life. Both political and religious issues intermingled and interacted strongly with eac ...
Mary Beard reviews `Caligula` by Aloys Winterling, translated by
... God’s power alone). But, ironically, he is now most often remembered as the silly old duffer who got soaked on the seashore because he thought he could master the tides. When, for example, Ryan Giggs tried last year to use a super-injunction to stop the swell of news about his private life, he was h ...
... God’s power alone). But, ironically, he is now most often remembered as the silly old duffer who got soaked on the seashore because he thought he could master the tides. When, for example, Ryan Giggs tried last year to use a super-injunction to stop the swell of news about his private life, he was h ...
OCR Textbook - John D Clare
... By the death of Augustus, Rome controlled the areas around the Mediterranean either directly or indirectly through client kings. During the Augustan period, Rome had expanded her control to include Egypt and part of North Africa and the Middle East. Illyricum and areas north and west of Italy were a ...
... By the death of Augustus, Rome controlled the areas around the Mediterranean either directly or indirectly through client kings. During the Augustan period, Rome had expanded her control to include Egypt and part of North Africa and the Middle East. Illyricum and areas north and west of Italy were a ...
AH4 option 3 Empire
... show respect for these groups, and to allow them to feel that they are playing a meaningful role in the running of the empire. In Suetonius’ writing (as in Tacitus’), all this translates into two noticeable traits: 1) a tendency to categorise emperors into ‘good’ sorts (like Trajan) and ‘bad’ sorts ...
... show respect for these groups, and to allow them to feel that they are playing a meaningful role in the running of the empire. In Suetonius’ writing (as in Tacitus’), all this translates into two noticeable traits: 1) a tendency to categorise emperors into ‘good’ sorts (like Trajan) and ‘bad’ sorts ...
EmperorCaligula
... ruled as the Roman emperor for four short and terrifying years of power from A.D. 37 through 41. At the present, centuries after his existence, scholars understand him as an emperor that was metally ill and misunderstood. His full name was Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanica, but he became more c ...
... ruled as the Roman emperor for four short and terrifying years of power from A.D. 37 through 41. At the present, centuries after his existence, scholars understand him as an emperor that was metally ill and misunderstood. His full name was Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanica, but he became more c ...
The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus
... itself. For here decisions were taken by the Senate, and Augustus was the Senate's most prominent member. But we may still ask how much difference it made for the worshiper—aside from the question of labels—that the ge nius of Augustus, and not Augustus himself, was worshiped together with the Lare ...
... itself. For here decisions were taken by the Senate, and Augustus was the Senate's most prominent member. But we may still ask how much difference it made for the worshiper—aside from the question of labels—that the ge nius of Augustus, and not Augustus himself, was worshiped together with the Lare ...
The Succession of Power after the Death of Commodus
... know little of the offices held by Glabrio (apart from the two consulates). Thus, we can assume that his career had a typical patrician course — quaestorship, praetorship and consulate (anno suo — when he was about 32 years old). The first Glabrio’s consulate was suffectus as in 173 A. D., when he s ...
... know little of the offices held by Glabrio (apart from the two consulates). Thus, we can assume that his career had a typical patrician course — quaestorship, praetorship and consulate (anno suo — when he was about 32 years old). The first Glabrio’s consulate was suffectus as in 173 A. D., when he s ...
Episode 2
... frequent travel. By the year 14, the people of modern day France, Turkey, Syria, Greece, Spain and North Africa were all part of Rome. They contributed to its wealth, and gained from its protection. But at Augustus' death, the family of Rome also included some troubling members: Egypt, conquered som ...
... frequent travel. By the year 14, the people of modern day France, Turkey, Syria, Greece, Spain and North Africa were all part of Rome. They contributed to its wealth, and gained from its protection. But at Augustus' death, the family of Rome also included some troubling members: Egypt, conquered som ...
How effectively did Augustus use patronage to promote and uphold
... Through the association with such an influential figure in both legend and story, Augustus would have been able to uphold his power, because people believed he could do more for the empire. So, to conclude my views as to the effectiveness of Augustus’ use of patronage, I believe that given the end r ...
... Through the association with such an influential figure in both legend and story, Augustus would have been able to uphold his power, because people believed he could do more for the empire. So, to conclude my views as to the effectiveness of Augustus’ use of patronage, I believe that given the end r ...
THE TESTAMENT OF AUGUSTUS
... and sons 2/3. In the absence of any other primary and secondary heirs, this must mean that Germanicus and his sons were named substitutes to Tiberius, if he failed to succeed, and that Drusus was to be the substitute for Livia. The figures cannot be chosen haphazardly: if a primary heir failed to ta ...
... and sons 2/3. In the absence of any other primary and secondary heirs, this must mean that Germanicus and his sons were named substitutes to Tiberius, if he failed to succeed, and that Drusus was to be the substitute for Livia. The figures cannot be chosen haphazardly: if a primary heir failed to ta ...
Stupid Wars - CAFE SYSTEM CANARIAS
... Dictators also can make terrible allies as the Peruvians discovered during the War of the Pacific in 1879, when Bolivia started a war with Chile over birdshit, and dragged in Peru through a secret treaty to share their pain as its hapless ally. Peru was then forced to learn a basic lesson: when your ...
... Dictators also can make terrible allies as the Peruvians discovered during the War of the Pacific in 1879, when Bolivia started a war with Chile over birdshit, and dragged in Peru through a secret treaty to share their pain as its hapless ally. Peru was then forced to learn a basic lesson: when your ...
part one caius octavius (thurinus) 63–44 bc
... my love of history grew and I developed a particular fascination for everything about ancient Rome. You cannot study Roman history without coming across Augustus and his legacy. He was the first emperor, the man who finally replaced a Republic which had lasted for almost half a millennium with a vei ...
... my love of history grew and I developed a particular fascination for everything about ancient Rome. You cannot study Roman history without coming across Augustus and his legacy. He was the first emperor, the man who finally replaced a Republic which had lasted for almost half a millennium with a vei ...
History of the Roman Empire
The history of the Roman Empire covers the history of Ancient Rome from the fall of the Roman Republic in 27 BC until the abdication of the last Emperor in 476 AD. Rome had begun expanding shortly after the founding of the Republic in the 6th century BC, though didn't expand outside of Italy until the 3rd century BC. Civil war engulfed the Roman state in the mid 1st century BC, first between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and finally between Octavian and Mark Antony. Antony was defeated at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. In 27 BC the Senate and People of Rome made Octavian imperator (""commander"") thus beginning the Principate (the first epoch of Roman imperial history, usually dated from 27 BC to 284 AD), and gave him the name Augustus (""the venerated""). The success of Augustus in establishing principles of dynastic succession was limited by his outliving a number of talented potential heirs: the Julio-Claudian dynasty lasted for four more emperors—Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero—before it yielded in 69 AD to the strife-torn Year of Four Emperors, from which Vespasian emerged as victor. Vespasian became the founder of the brief Flavian dynasty, to be followed by the Nerva–Antonine dynasty which produced the ""Five Good Emperors"": Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and the philosophically inclined Marcus Aurelius. In the view of the Greek historian Dio Cassius, a contemporary observer, the accession of the emperor Commodus in 180 AD marked the descent ""from a kingdom of gold to one of rust and iron""—a famous comment which has led some historians, notably Edward Gibbon, to take Commodus' reign as the beginning of the decline of the Roman Empire.In 212, during the reign of Caracalla, Roman citizenship was granted to all freeborn inhabitants of the Empire. But despite this gesture of universality, the Severan dynasty was tumultuous—an emperor's reign was ended routinely by his murder or execution—and following its collapse, the Roman Empire was engulfed by the Crisis of the Third Century, a period of invasions, civil strife, economic disorder, and plague. In defining historical epochs, this crisis is sometimes viewed as marking the transition from Classical Antiquity to Late Antiquity. Diocletian (reigned 284–305) brought the Empire back from the brink, but declined the role of princeps and became the first emperor to be addressed regularly as domine, ""master"" or ""lord"". This marked the end of the Principate, and the beginning of the Dominate. Diocletian's reign also brought the Empire's most concerted effort against the perceived threat of Christianity, the ""Great Persecution"". The state of absolute monarchy that began with Diocletian endured until the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476.Diocletian divided the empire into four regions, each ruled by a separate Emperor (the Tetrarchy). Confident that he fixed the disorders that were plaguing Rome, he abdicated along with his co-emperor, and the Tetrarchy soon collapsed. Order was eventually restored by Constantine, who became the first emperor to convert to Christianity, and who established Constantinople as the new capital of the eastern empire. During the decades of the Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties, the Empire was divided along an east–west axis, with dual power centers in Constantinople and Rome. The reign of Julian, who attempted to restore Classical Roman and Hellenistic religion, only briefly interrupted the succession of Christian emperors. Theodosius I, the last emperor to rule over both East and West, died in 395 AD after making Christianity the official religion of the Empire.The Roman Empire began to disintegrate in the early 5th century as Germanic migrations and invasions overwhelmed the capacity of the Empire to assimilate the migrants and fight off the invaders. The Romans were successful in fighting off all invaders, most famously Attila the Hun, though the Empire had assimilated so many Germanic peoples of dubious loyalty to Rome that the Empire started to dismember itself. Most chronologies place the end of the Western Roman empire in 476, when Romulus Augustulus was forced to abdicate to the Germanic warlord Odoacer. By placing himself under the rule of the Eastern Emperor, rather than naming himself Emperor (as other Germanic chiefs had done after deposing past Emperors), Odoacer ended the Western Empire by ending the line of Western Emperors. The eastern Empire exercised diminishing control over the west over the course of the next century. The empire in the East—known today as the Byzantine Empire, but referred to in its time as the ""Roman Empire"" or by various other names—ended in 1453 with the death of Constantine XI and the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks.