university of london thesis
... The chapter covering results and discussion opens with a brief overview o f the investigational work previously carried out into the Sn I like ring opening o f a model molecule, 1-methylcyclohexene oxide. This is followed by a description o f how a new methodology for the acidic ring opening o f epo ...
... The chapter covering results and discussion opens with a brief overview o f the investigational work previously carried out into the Sn I like ring opening o f a model molecule, 1-methylcyclohexene oxide. This is followed by a description o f how a new methodology for the acidic ring opening o f epo ...
NAGS - BMC Biochemistry
... CPSIII is more complex. At high glutamine concentrations, CPSIII is active even in the absence of NAG, while at low glutamine concentrations, CPSIII requires NAG for activity [41,44,55]. Some fish CPSIII have been shown to also be capable of using ammonia as substrate, and in these enzymes, NAG is r ...
... CPSIII is more complex. At high glutamine concentrations, CPSIII is active even in the absence of NAG, while at low glutamine concentrations, CPSIII requires NAG for activity [41,44,55]. Some fish CPSIII have been shown to also be capable of using ammonia as substrate, and in these enzymes, NAG is r ...
Preparation of Cyclic Urethanes from Amino Alcohols and Carbon
... catalysts, but, unfortunately, their yields are low [11,16,18]. Desirable high yields can be achieved by employing stoichiometrically consumed dehydration [12,13] or deoxygenation reagents [14,15]. However, the use of such indispensable reagents would raise the cost of the reaction processes. It was ...
... catalysts, but, unfortunately, their yields are low [11,16,18]. Desirable high yields can be achieved by employing stoichiometrically consumed dehydration [12,13] or deoxygenation reagents [14,15]. However, the use of such indispensable reagents would raise the cost of the reaction processes. It was ...
Clinical Application of Blood Ammonia Determinations
... contributes to the ammonia load because the ammonia must be reconverted to urea. Since 30% to 40% of the urea produced in the liver is hydrolysed to ammonia in the intestine, 8 the total ammonia load is about 30% to 40% greater than ingested nitrogen, minus small amounts of nitrogen eliminated by m ...
... contributes to the ammonia load because the ammonia must be reconverted to urea. Since 30% to 40% of the urea produced in the liver is hydrolysed to ammonia in the intestine, 8 the total ammonia load is about 30% to 40% greater than ingested nitrogen, minus small amounts of nitrogen eliminated by m ...
INTERORGAN AMMONIA TRAFFICKING
... • Nitrosative stress-NH3 result in increase concentration of L tryptophan metabolite including serotonin and quinolnic acid. • Mitochondrial dysfunction-Ammonia inhibit TCA cycle • Increased neuro-steroid biosynthesis-Ammonia modulate expression of PTBR which mediate cholesterol tranport and biosynt ...
... • Nitrosative stress-NH3 result in increase concentration of L tryptophan metabolite including serotonin and quinolnic acid. • Mitochondrial dysfunction-Ammonia inhibit TCA cycle • Increased neuro-steroid biosynthesis-Ammonia modulate expression of PTBR which mediate cholesterol tranport and biosynt ...
Regulation of Urea Synthesis by Agmatine in the Perfused Liver
... mitochondrial CPS-I. As illustrated in Figure 1, both agmatine and NAG are synthesized in mitochondria, the latter from acetyl-CoA and glutamate by N-acetylglutamate synthetase (25). The mitochondrial location of both ADC and NAG synthetase makes agmatine a reasonable candidate for regulation of NAG ...
... mitochondrial CPS-I. As illustrated in Figure 1, both agmatine and NAG are synthesized in mitochondria, the latter from acetyl-CoA and glutamate by N-acetylglutamate synthetase (25). The mitochondrial location of both ADC and NAG synthetase makes agmatine a reasonable candidate for regulation of NAG ...
simplified method for the determination of total kjeldahl nitrogen in
... • TKN is a component of total nitrogen, and is the sum of organic nitrogen and ammonia. Therefore, the TKN equation may be re-written as: Total Nitrogen = NH3 + Org-N + NO3- + NO2• The s-TKN method is based on this nitrogen relationship. sTKN is defined as the difference between the concentration of ...
... • TKN is a component of total nitrogen, and is the sum of organic nitrogen and ammonia. Therefore, the TKN equation may be re-written as: Total Nitrogen = NH3 + Org-N + NO3- + NO2• The s-TKN method is based on this nitrogen relationship. sTKN is defined as the difference between the concentration of ...
Ammonia, urea production and pH regulation
... The liver is the most important site of ammonia metabolism; it removes much of the toxic ammonia presented to it by urea and glutamine synthesis. By doing so, the liver also plays a major role in the metabolic regulation of systemic pH, because hydrogen ions released from NH +4 during the synthesis ...
... The liver is the most important site of ammonia metabolism; it removes much of the toxic ammonia presented to it by urea and glutamine synthesis. By doing so, the liver also plays a major role in the metabolic regulation of systemic pH, because hydrogen ions released from NH +4 during the synthesis ...
32_Metabolism of ammonia. Biosynthesis of urea and its disorders
... Metabolic & Molecular Basis of Inherited Disease ...
... Metabolic & Molecular Basis of Inherited Disease ...
16_Chapter 4
... nephrostomes. The excretory matter is discharged either directly to the exterior or into the alimentary canal (Bedre, 1986). The integumentary nephridia are termed as exonephric since they discharge the excretory material directly to the exterior through nephridiopores. The septal and pharyngeal ne ...
... nephrostomes. The excretory matter is discharged either directly to the exterior or into the alimentary canal (Bedre, 1986). The integumentary nephridia are termed as exonephric since they discharge the excretory material directly to the exterior through nephridiopores. The septal and pharyngeal ne ...
as a PDF
... Systemic pH regulation was seen to involve two principal organs: the lungs, which adjust the pCO2 and the kidneys excreting acid or generating bicarbonate. The kidney of omnivorous mammals provides several mechanisms to counteract the development of metabolic acidosis: proximal tubular bicarbonate r ...
... Systemic pH regulation was seen to involve two principal organs: the lungs, which adjust the pCO2 and the kidneys excreting acid or generating bicarbonate. The kidney of omnivorous mammals provides several mechanisms to counteract the development of metabolic acidosis: proximal tubular bicarbonate r ...
Physiological and Transcriptomic Aspects of Urea
... solution containing nitrate and ammonium as N sources, and after 5 weeks they were transferred for 1 week in nutrient solutions containing ammonium nitrate (AN), ammonium nitrate 1 urea (AN1U), or urea alone (U) as N sources or on a solution containing no N (starvation; S). Two independent experimen ...
... solution containing nitrate and ammonium as N sources, and after 5 weeks they were transferred for 1 week in nutrient solutions containing ammonium nitrate (AN), ammonium nitrate 1 urea (AN1U), or urea alone (U) as N sources or on a solution containing no N (starvation; S). Two independent experimen ...
OMASAL FLOW OF SOLUBLE AMINO ACIDS IN DAIRY COWS
... amino acids (AA) are intermediates in this process. Ammonia that accumulates in excess of microbial requirements is converted to urea in the liver and excreted in the urine, resulting in inefficient nitrogen (N) utilization by the animal. Mounting evidence indicates that peptides and free AA stimula ...
... amino acids (AA) are intermediates in this process. Ammonia that accumulates in excess of microbial requirements is converted to urea in the liver and excreted in the urine, resulting in inefficient nitrogen (N) utilization by the animal. Mounting evidence indicates that peptides and free AA stimula ...
w_4-3 Chemistry of Nitrogen Compounds
... hydrolyze to hypochlorous acid, they are poor disinfectants. In effect, these combined chlorine compounds adversely affect disinfection by consuming free available chlorine. Ammonia is readily oxidized by free chlorine by the process of breakpoint chlorination. Amino acids are also decomposed by exc ...
... hydrolyze to hypochlorous acid, they are poor disinfectants. In effect, these combined chlorine compounds adversely affect disinfection by consuming free available chlorine. Ammonia is readily oxidized by free chlorine by the process of breakpoint chlorination. Amino acids are also decomposed by exc ...
the chemical and physical properties of condensed
... Examples of the influence of external factors upon the transitions of phosphates are found in the transitions of sodium tetrametaphosphate tetrahydrate and sodium triphosphate hexahydrate. The tetrametaphosphate will be discussed first. In this transition Na4P4O124H2O suffers a crystallographic chan ...
... Examples of the influence of external factors upon the transitions of phosphates are found in the transitions of sodium tetrametaphosphate tetrahydrate and sodium triphosphate hexahydrate. The tetrametaphosphate will be discussed first. In this transition Na4P4O124H2O suffers a crystallographic chan ...
Muscle as the Primary Site of Urea Cycle Enzyme Activity in an
... CPSase III to determine its ability to use ammonia directly as nitrogen-donating substrate. The general kinetic properties of the muscle CPSase III are summarized in Table III. In other type III CPSases: 1) the Vmax with ammonia as substrate is 10% or less than the Vmax with glutamine as substrate, ...
... CPSase III to determine its ability to use ammonia directly as nitrogen-donating substrate. The general kinetic properties of the muscle CPSase III are summarized in Table III. In other type III CPSases: 1) the Vmax with ammonia as substrate is 10% or less than the Vmax with glutamine as substrate, ...
Interaction of Urea with Amino Acids: Implications for Urea
... each of 100 ns length. The initial backbone angles of the tripeptides were set in β-sheet conformation (φ ) -135°, ψ ) 128°). Since the autocorrelation time of (φ, ψ) was found to be below 1 ns in our simulations, these starting conditions did not impose significant bias. All tripeptides were simula ...
... each of 100 ns length. The initial backbone angles of the tripeptides were set in β-sheet conformation (φ ) -135°, ψ ) 128°). Since the autocorrelation time of (φ, ψ) was found to be below 1 ns in our simulations, these starting conditions did not impose significant bias. All tripeptides were simula ...
Ammonia (plasma, blood) - Association for Clinical Biochemistry
... Ammonia has the formula NH3. At physiological pH, 97% is present in the blood in its ionised form, ammonium (NH4+). ...
... Ammonia has the formula NH3. At physiological pH, 97% is present in the blood in its ionised form, ammonium (NH4+). ...
Abdominal Ultrasonography in the Horse Equipment Indications
... and lateral to RDC, extends to the ventral aspect of right kidney. Right lung covers variable amount of right liver lobe ...
... and lateral to RDC, extends to the ventral aspect of right kidney. Right lung covers variable amount of right liver lobe ...
kidney 8
... • The kidney can make diluted urine up to 25-50 mosmol/L or concentrated urine up to 1200-1400 mosmol/L. • For making either diluted or concentrated urine, the kidney must do an osmotic work which is exerted by the loop of Henle (specifically by thick ALH). • Fluid enters the loop of Henle is isoto ...
... • The kidney can make diluted urine up to 25-50 mosmol/L or concentrated urine up to 1200-1400 mosmol/L. • For making either diluted or concentrated urine, the kidney must do an osmotic work which is exerted by the loop of Henle (specifically by thick ALH). • Fluid enters the loop of Henle is isoto ...
SECTION 9 - RENAL FUNCTION AND HOMEOSTASIS
... Inulin (a large polysaccharide) is neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the nephron so its clearance equals the GFR. Creatinine is a normal byproduct of muscle creatine catabolism whose clearance is predictably around 20-25% greater than the true GFR and thus can be conveniently used to estimate this ...
... Inulin (a large polysaccharide) is neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the nephron so its clearance equals the GFR. Creatinine is a normal byproduct of muscle creatine catabolism whose clearance is predictably around 20-25% greater than the true GFR and thus can be conveniently used to estimate this ...
SECTION 9 - RENAL FUNCTION AND HOMEOSTASIS
... Inulin (a large polysaccharide) is neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the nephron so its clearance equals the GFR. Creatinine is a normal byproduct of muscle creatine catabolism whose clearance is predictably around 20-25% greater than the true GFR and thus can be conveniently used to estimate this ...
... Inulin (a large polysaccharide) is neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the nephron so its clearance equals the GFR. Creatinine is a normal byproduct of muscle creatine catabolism whose clearance is predictably around 20-25% greater than the true GFR and thus can be conveniently used to estimate this ...
Urea–urethane nanocomposites obtained from modified methylalumoxane oligomers A. B
... (OAE) of an average molecular weight 2000 u with bis(4-isocyanatephenyl)methane (MDI). Dicyandiamide was used as a chain extender. In order to obtain hybrid nanocomposites, OAE was modified by the reaction with methylalumoxanes (MAO) prior to use. The excess of active methyl groups of MAO was deacti ...
... (OAE) of an average molecular weight 2000 u with bis(4-isocyanatephenyl)methane (MDI). Dicyandiamide was used as a chain extender. In order to obtain hybrid nanocomposites, OAE was modified by the reaction with methylalumoxanes (MAO) prior to use. The excess of active methyl groups of MAO was deacti ...
Optimizing Crop N Use Efficiency Using a Variable Source N
... field areas due to their lower elevation may improve NUE and economic returns. ...
... field areas due to their lower elevation may improve NUE and economic returns. ...
Kidney 1
... to water. NaCl diffuses out of the tubule, leaving water behind. • As the tubular fluid passes through the thick ascending limb, Na+, Cl- and K+ are actively reabsorbed by the NK2C cotransporter. • The tubular fluid leaves the Loop more dilute ...
... to water. NaCl diffuses out of the tubule, leaving water behind. • As the tubular fluid passes through the thick ascending limb, Na+, Cl- and K+ are actively reabsorbed by the NK2C cotransporter. • The tubular fluid leaves the Loop more dilute ...
Urea
Urea or carbamide is an organic compound with the chemical formula CO(NH2)2. The molecule has two —NH2 groups joined by a carbonyl (C=O) functional group.Urea serves an important role in the metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds by animals, and is the main nitrogen-containing substance in the urine of mammals. It is colorless, odorless solid, highly soluble in water, and practically non-toxic (LD50 is 15 g/kg for rats). Dissolved in water, it is neither acidic nor alkaline. The body uses it in many processes, most notably nitrogen excretion. Urea is widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen and is an important raw material for the chemical industry.Friedrich Wöhler's discovery in 1828 that urea can be produced from inorganic starting materials was an important conceptual milestone in chemistry. It showed for the first time that a substance previously known only as a byproduct of life could be synthesized in the laboratory without biological starting materials, contradicting the widely held doctrine of vitalism.