rna viruses
... The mRNA is translated into various viral proteins, including RNA polymerase which directs the synthesis of more viral mRNA. For most RNA viruses, the host cell is not involved in viral replication. ...
... The mRNA is translated into various viral proteins, including RNA polymerase which directs the synthesis of more viral mRNA. For most RNA viruses, the host cell is not involved in viral replication. ...
rna polymerases
... which is found only in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It represents precursors of mRNA, formed during its posttranscriptional processing. • Small nuclear RNA (snRNA), which is also only found in the nucleus of eukaryotes. One of its major functions is to participate in splicing (removal of introns ...
... which is found only in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It represents precursors of mRNA, formed during its posttranscriptional processing. • Small nuclear RNA (snRNA), which is also only found in the nucleus of eukaryotes. One of its major functions is to participate in splicing (removal of introns ...
12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
... Transcription Promoters – Regions on DNA that show where RNA Polymerase must bind to begin the Transcription of RNA – Specific base sequences act as signals – Other base sequences indicate stopping points Foothill High School Science Department ...
... Transcription Promoters – Regions on DNA that show where RNA Polymerase must bind to begin the Transcription of RNA – Specific base sequences act as signals – Other base sequences indicate stopping points Foothill High School Science Department ...
Molecular Biology 240386
... RNA polymeras functions: 1-initiation, RNA polymerase recognizes & binds to promoter •RNA polymerases require protein factors: general transcription factors: locate promoters and initiate transcription 2- RNA polymerase melts DNA strands ( 14bps around start site): bases in template available for ba ...
... RNA polymeras functions: 1-initiation, RNA polymerase recognizes & binds to promoter •RNA polymerases require protein factors: general transcription factors: locate promoters and initiate transcription 2- RNA polymerase melts DNA strands ( 14bps around start site): bases in template available for ba ...
Elongation and Termination of Transcription
... • Release from pausing can be the mechanism for induction of expression. – In Drosophila, the RNA polymerase can pause after synthesizing ~ 25 nucleotides of RNA in many genes. – under elevated temperature conditions, the heat shock factor stimulates elongation by release from pausing. – Other possi ...
... • Release from pausing can be the mechanism for induction of expression. – In Drosophila, the RNA polymerase can pause after synthesizing ~ 25 nucleotides of RNA in many genes. – under elevated temperature conditions, the heat shock factor stimulates elongation by release from pausing. – Other possi ...
2017 Reg of Mitosis Genetics Protein Synth Regulation Review
... and your close personal friend RNA polymerase II. Make sure you know how to say TATA correctly or else it will freak out even your bestest of friends! Be able to compare how multiple genes that are involved in a pathway can all be turned on at the same time even though they are found on different ch ...
... and your close personal friend RNA polymerase II. Make sure you know how to say TATA correctly or else it will freak out even your bestest of friends! Be able to compare how multiple genes that are involved in a pathway can all be turned on at the same time even though they are found on different ch ...
HUA1, a Regulator of Stamen and Carpel Identities
... (such as ag-1) show stamen-to-petal transformation in the third whorl (Bowman et al., 1989), flowers of the weak ag-4 allele contain stamens in the third whorl (Sieburth et al., 1995). Recessive hua1-1 and hua2-1 mutations alter the identity of the third whorl organs in ag-4 flowers. ag-4 hua1-1 or ...
... (such as ag-1) show stamen-to-petal transformation in the third whorl (Bowman et al., 1989), flowers of the weak ag-4 allele contain stamens in the third whorl (Sieburth et al., 1995). Recessive hua1-1 and hua2-1 mutations alter the identity of the third whorl organs in ag-4 flowers. ag-4 hua1-1 or ...
New Insights into Polycistronic Transcripts in Eukaryotes
... Fig. 1 Structure and arrangement of polycistronic genes in E. coli, C. elegans, and Drosophila. (A) The lac operon of E. coli is under the control of a single promoter and is transcribed as a polycistronic mRNA which is then translated into three proteins, βgalactosidase, permease, and transacetylas ...
... Fig. 1 Structure and arrangement of polycistronic genes in E. coli, C. elegans, and Drosophila. (A) The lac operon of E. coli is under the control of a single promoter and is transcribed as a polycistronic mRNA which is then translated into three proteins, βgalactosidase, permease, and transacetylas ...
Transcription and Translation ppt
... determine the phenotypical characteristics of organisms. Genes also direct the production of other physiologically essential proteins such as antibodies and hormones. Proteins drive cellular processes such as metabolism; determining physical characteristics and producing genetic disorders by their a ...
... determine the phenotypical characteristics of organisms. Genes also direct the production of other physiologically essential proteins such as antibodies and hormones. Proteins drive cellular processes such as metabolism; determining physical characteristics and producing genetic disorders by their a ...
Chapter 18 PPT
... • is associated with reduced transcription • can cause long-term inactivation of genes in cellular differentiation • Can regulate expression of either the maternal or paternal alleles (genomic imprinting) ...
... • is associated with reduced transcription • can cause long-term inactivation of genes in cellular differentiation • Can regulate expression of either the maternal or paternal alleles (genomic imprinting) ...
Powerpoint file - revised
... Therefore, transcriptional initiation is usually the major control point. Most prokaryotic genes are regulated in units called operons (Jacob and Monod, 1960) Operon: a coordinated unit of gene expression consisting of one or more related genes and the operator and promoter sequences that regulate t ...
... Therefore, transcriptional initiation is usually the major control point. Most prokaryotic genes are regulated in units called operons (Jacob and Monod, 1960) Operon: a coordinated unit of gene expression consisting of one or more related genes and the operator and promoter sequences that regulate t ...
RNA gene prediction
... EasyGene Developed at University of Copenhagen Statistical significance is the measure for gene prediction. Ґ High quality data set based on similarity in SwissPRot is extracted from genome. Ґ Data set used to estimate the HMM where based on ORF score and length statistical significance is calculat ...
... EasyGene Developed at University of Copenhagen Statistical significance is the measure for gene prediction. Ґ High quality data set based on similarity in SwissPRot is extracted from genome. Ґ Data set used to estimate the HMM where based on ORF score and length statistical significance is calculat ...
Promega Notes: T4 RNA Ligase: A Molecular Tool for RNA and DNA
... T4 RNA ligase is predominantly useful for joining RNA to RNA. As stated above, both a 5´-PO4-bearing donor and a 3´-OH-bearing acceptor are required. DNA may also serve as a donor, but is a poor acceptor (4). T4 RNA ligase can join DNA to DNA, mainly in an intramolecular reaction, but with very low ...
... T4 RNA ligase is predominantly useful for joining RNA to RNA. As stated above, both a 5´-PO4-bearing donor and a 3´-OH-bearing acceptor are required. DNA may also serve as a donor, but is a poor acceptor (4). T4 RNA ligase can join DNA to DNA, mainly in an intramolecular reaction, but with very low ...
Genome duplication, divergent resolution and
... clusters as, for example, humans. Additional evidence favouring the fish-specific genome duplication hypothesis comes from comparative mapping studies, which have identified a large number of mammalian genes with two zebrafish ‘co-orthologs’19–21. Furthermore, most of these zebrafish co-orthologs ar ...
... clusters as, for example, humans. Additional evidence favouring the fish-specific genome duplication hypothesis comes from comparative mapping studies, which have identified a large number of mammalian genes with two zebrafish ‘co-orthologs’19–21. Furthermore, most of these zebrafish co-orthologs ar ...
STUDY GUIDE for Dr. Mohnen`s part of Exam #3
... more accessible to transcriptional machinery Histone acetyltransferases (HATS) acetylate histones; this reduces affinity of histones for DNA and generates docking site for transcription factors that have Bromodomains (domains that bind to acetylated histones and acetyllysine) Bromodomains are presen ...
... more accessible to transcriptional machinery Histone acetyltransferases (HATS) acetylate histones; this reduces affinity of histones for DNA and generates docking site for transcription factors that have Bromodomains (domains that bind to acetylated histones and acetyllysine) Bromodomains are presen ...
17_Learning_Objectives
... initiation, elongation, and termination. 16. Explain how RNA is modified after transcription in eukaryotic cells. 17. Describe the functional and evolutionary significance of introns. 18. Explain why, due to alternative RNA splicing, the number of different protein products an organism can produce i ...
... initiation, elongation, and termination. 16. Explain how RNA is modified after transcription in eukaryotic cells. 17. Describe the functional and evolutionary significance of introns. 18. Explain why, due to alternative RNA splicing, the number of different protein products an organism can produce i ...
Poster. - Stanford University
... 1Department of Electrical Engineering, 2Department of Computer Science, Stanford University 1. ABSTRACT ...
... 1Department of Electrical Engineering, 2Department of Computer Science, Stanford University 1. ABSTRACT ...
Introduction to Oncogenesis by RNA Tumor Viruses
... each other, and each may have individual functions resulting in neoplastic transformation. This would account for the high degree of specificity of the target cell for transformation, as each virus causes a specific type of cancer or leukemia. Oncogenes appear to originate from the host, as genetic ...
... each other, and each may have individual functions resulting in neoplastic transformation. This would account for the high degree of specificity of the target cell for transformation, as each virus causes a specific type of cancer or leukemia. Oncogenes appear to originate from the host, as genetic ...
RNA Transcription
... sequences that conform to a greater or lesser extent to a particular consensus, a kind of Platonic ideal. Usually any given sequence is not a perfect match to the consensus. In the case of the -10 and -35 sequences, the consensuses are TATAAT (notice in the figure the -10 is actually TATATT!) and TT ...
... sequences that conform to a greater or lesser extent to a particular consensus, a kind of Platonic ideal. Usually any given sequence is not a perfect match to the consensus. In the case of the -10 and -35 sequences, the consensuses are TATAAT (notice in the figure the -10 is actually TATATT!) and TT ...
1 Processing of eukaryotic pre-mRNA
... splicing cycle and experimental demonstration that the base pairing between U1 and the 5’ splice site in pre-mRNA is important ...
... splicing cycle and experimental demonstration that the base pairing between U1 and the 5’ splice site in pre-mRNA is important ...
Powerpoint file - revised
... splicing cycle and experimental demonstration that the base pairing between U1 and the 5’ splice site in pre-mRNA is important ...
... splicing cycle and experimental demonstration that the base pairing between U1 and the 5’ splice site in pre-mRNA is important ...
Birth of a new gene on the Y chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster
... ancient duplications, with amino acid identities to the putative ancestors ranging from 30% to 74%, and poor (if any) alignment at the nucleotide level. Most of them have introns in conserved positions compared with their autosomal paralogs, ruling out retrotransposition and suggesting DNA-based dup ...
... ancient duplications, with amino acid identities to the putative ancestors ranging from 30% to 74%, and poor (if any) alignment at the nucleotide level. Most of them have introns in conserved positions compared with their autosomal paralogs, ruling out retrotransposition and suggesting DNA-based dup ...
Transcription in prokaryotes Elongation and termination
... Rho first must have access to a binding sequence of RNA Must be able to move along the RNA Either of both of these conditions may be prevented if ribosomes are translation an RNA. Thus – the ability of Rho factor to reach a terminator depends upon what is happening in translation The model to explai ...
... Rho first must have access to a binding sequence of RNA Must be able to move along the RNA Either of both of these conditions may be prevented if ribosomes are translation an RNA. Thus – the ability of Rho factor to reach a terminator depends upon what is happening in translation The model to explai ...
RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. Historically, it was known by other names, including co-suppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and quelling. Only after these apparently unrelated processes were fully understood did it become clear that they all described the RNAi phenomenon. Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA interference in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, which they published in 1998.Two types of small ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules – microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) – are central to RNA interference. RNAs are the direct products of genes, and these small RNAs can bind to other specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and either increase or decrease their activity, for example by preventing an mRNA from producing a protein. RNA interference has an important role in defending cells against parasitic nucleotide sequences – viruses and transposons. It also influences development.The RNAi pathway is found in many eukaryotes, including animals, and is initiated by the enzyme Dicer, which cleaves long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules into short double-stranded fragments of ~20 nucleotide siRNAs. Each siRNA is unwound into two single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs), the passenger strand and the guide strand. The passenger strand is degraded and the guide strand is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The most well-studied outcome is post-transcriptional gene silencing, which occurs when the guide strand pairs with a complementary sequence in a messenger RNA molecule and induces cleavage by Argonaute, the catalytic component of the RISC complex. In some organisms, this process spreads systemically, despite the initially limited molar concentrations of siRNA.RNAi is a valuable research tool, both in cell culture and in living organisms, because synthetic dsRNA introduced into cells can selectively and robustly induce suppression of specific genes of interest. RNAi may be used for large-scale screens that systematically shut down each gene in the cell, which can help to identify the components necessary for a particular cellular process or an event such as cell division. The pathway is also used as a practical tool in biotechnology, medicine and insecticides.