Supp Mat - Columbia University
... polymerase. Transcribed mRNAs were subsequently purified by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Control experiments were performed with a longer mRNA similar to that used for the smFRET experiments to test for mRNA length dependence. mRNA length did not affect selectivity (Supplementary F ...
... polymerase. Transcribed mRNAs were subsequently purified by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Control experiments were performed with a longer mRNA similar to that used for the smFRET experiments to test for mRNA length dependence. mRNA length did not affect selectivity (Supplementary F ...
Laalami S., Zig L. and H. Putzer - Institut de Biologie Physico
... E/G type enzyme. Others, like many Bacilli (other than B. subtilis) and Clostridium or the δ-proteobacteria often have all three types of enzymes (Table 1). Outside the β- and γ-proteobacteria (e.g., in Bacilli), RNase E/G type enzymes are often short (less than 450 aa) corresponding in length to E. ...
... E/G type enzyme. Others, like many Bacilli (other than B. subtilis) and Clostridium or the δ-proteobacteria often have all three types of enzymes (Table 1). Outside the β- and γ-proteobacteria (e.g., in Bacilli), RNase E/G type enzymes are often short (less than 450 aa) corresponding in length to E. ...
Identification of the mRNA targets of tRNA
... amino acids, and hop off the lattice at the last site. Particles are considered to have a footprint of 9 codons to represent the actual ribosome width (44). Moreover, they cannot overtake each other, and a particle cannot initiate translation if the first 9 sites of the lattice are not free. Importa ...
... amino acids, and hop off the lattice at the last site. Particles are considered to have a footprint of 9 codons to represent the actual ribosome width (44). Moreover, they cannot overtake each other, and a particle cannot initiate translation if the first 9 sites of the lattice are not free. Importa ...
Regulation of enzyme activity
... The phosphorylated form is the active form in some enzymes, while the dephosphorylated form is the active form in other enzymes. Examples of enzymes activated by phosphorylation. These are usually enzymes of degradative (breakdown) reactions e.g. 1. Glycogen phosphorylase that breaks down glycogen i ...
... The phosphorylated form is the active form in some enzymes, while the dephosphorylated form is the active form in other enzymes. Examples of enzymes activated by phosphorylation. These are usually enzymes of degradative (breakdown) reactions e.g. 1. Glycogen phosphorylase that breaks down glycogen i ...
Early days of tRNA research: Discovery, function, purification and
... molecules. The groups of Berg (figure 4), Lipmann, Novelli, Schweet and Zamecnik were among the early contributors (Berg 1956, 2003; Berg et al 1961; Davie et al 1956; DeMoss and Novelli 1956; Schweet et al 1958; Zamecnik et al 1958). It was quickly found that each aminoacyltRNA synthetase is specific ...
... molecules. The groups of Berg (figure 4), Lipmann, Novelli, Schweet and Zamecnik were among the early contributors (Berg 1956, 2003; Berg et al 1961; Davie et al 1956; DeMoss and Novelli 1956; Schweet et al 1958; Zamecnik et al 1958). It was quickly found that each aminoacyltRNA synthetase is specific ...
TRIzol Reagent
... Chloroform to use: Use straight chloroform; no isoamyl alcohol is needed. Chloroform with 50 ppm amylene can be used. Chloroform solublizes lipids in the sample. . BCP (1-bromo-2 chloropropane) can be used in the place of chloroform. BCP has a higher density. Because of its higher density, the inter ...
... Chloroform to use: Use straight chloroform; no isoamyl alcohol is needed. Chloroform with 50 ppm amylene can be used. Chloroform solublizes lipids in the sample. . BCP (1-bromo-2 chloropropane) can be used in the place of chloroform. BCP has a higher density. Because of its higher density, the inter ...
EPICENTRE Enzyme Catalog
... b Values represent half-lives: 50% of the enzymatic activity is retained after the given time at the stated temperature. c Defined as the average number of correct nucleotides a polymerase incorporates before making an error. ...
... b Values represent half-lives: 50% of the enzymatic activity is retained after the given time at the stated temperature. c Defined as the average number of correct nucleotides a polymerase incorporates before making an error. ...
Teacher Guide: Gene Expression. By Ann Brokaw.
... “RNA Processing (Post-transcription)” helps explain how, once transcription is complete, eukaryotic cells undergo a process called RNA splicing in order to prepare the RNA to leave the nucleus. “Translation” includes animations showing the process of translation. In addition, other resources explain ...
... “RNA Processing (Post-transcription)” helps explain how, once transcription is complete, eukaryotic cells undergo a process called RNA splicing in order to prepare the RNA to leave the nucleus. “Translation” includes animations showing the process of translation. In addition, other resources explain ...
Translation of Cyclin mRNA Is Necessary for Extracts of Activated
... study cell-free extracts that require protein synthesis to enter mitosis and permit more than one round of DNA replication (Lohka and Masui, 1983, 1984; Hutchison et al., 1987; Blow and Laskey, 1988). If it could be shown that cyclin synthesis is necessary and sufficient to promote mitosis in vitro, ...
... study cell-free extracts that require protein synthesis to enter mitosis and permit more than one round of DNA replication (Lohka and Masui, 1983, 1984; Hutchison et al., 1987; Blow and Laskey, 1988). If it could be shown that cyclin synthesis is necessary and sufficient to promote mitosis in vitro, ...
Counting Small RNA in Pathogenic Bacteria
... novel Yersinia sRNAs involved in pathogenesis. (Manuscript in preparation, Hu, Stubben, and Chain). From this sequencing work, we selected a novel sRNA, termed sRNA-8 (YSP8), for single molecule analysis in Y. pestis. smFISH Probe Sets. Probe sets were purchased from Biosearch Technologies, utilizin ...
... novel Yersinia sRNAs involved in pathogenesis. (Manuscript in preparation, Hu, Stubben, and Chain). From this sequencing work, we selected a novel sRNA, termed sRNA-8 (YSP8), for single molecule analysis in Y. pestis. smFISH Probe Sets. Probe sets were purchased from Biosearch Technologies, utilizin ...
Chapter 14
... 14.14 The cII and cIII Genes Are Needed to Establish Lysogeny • The delayed early gene products cII and cIII are necessary for RNA polymerase to initiate transcription at the promoter PRE. • cII acts directly at the promoter and cIII protects cII from ...
... 14.14 The cII and cIII Genes Are Needed to Establish Lysogeny • The delayed early gene products cII and cIII are necessary for RNA polymerase to initiate transcription at the promoter PRE. • cII acts directly at the promoter and cIII protects cII from ...
The trp Operon - aandersonbiology
... 2. Explain that in this lesson they will explore Jacob-Monod’s model of gene expression, the operon. Jacob and Monod devised this model in 1961 to explain how a particular set of genes are expressed in prokaryotes. Although operons are not present in eukaryotes, the expression of genes in eukaryotes ...
... 2. Explain that in this lesson they will explore Jacob-Monod’s model of gene expression, the operon. Jacob and Monod devised this model in 1961 to explain how a particular set of genes are expressed in prokaryotes. Although operons are not present in eukaryotes, the expression of genes in eukaryotes ...
Section 3: Prokaryotic Sample and Array Processing
... standard procedures for bacterial RNA isolation or various commercial RNA isolation kits. For Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. coli, we have successfully used the QIAGEN® RNeasy Mini Purification Kit. Caution should be used to minimize chromosomal DNA contamination during the isolation, due to the high ...
... standard procedures for bacterial RNA isolation or various commercial RNA isolation kits. For Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. coli, we have successfully used the QIAGEN® RNeasy Mini Purification Kit. Caution should be used to minimize chromosomal DNA contamination during the isolation, due to the high ...
Chapter 12
... • Transcription of the lacZYA operon is controlled by a repressor protein that binds to an operator that overlaps the promoter at the start of the ...
... • Transcription of the lacZYA operon is controlled by a repressor protein that binds to an operator that overlaps the promoter at the start of the ...
Degradable heterobifunctional poly (ethylene glycol) acrylates and
... covalently attached to the PEG hydrogel for in vivo delivery. Instead, the substances are trapped Within the crosslinked matrix and pass through the interstices in the matrix. The insoluble matrix can remain in the body inde?nitely, and control of the release of the drug typically can be someWhat ...
... covalently attached to the PEG hydrogel for in vivo delivery. Instead, the substances are trapped Within the crosslinked matrix and pass through the interstices in the matrix. The insoluble matrix can remain in the body inde?nitely, and control of the release of the drug typically can be someWhat ...
Exam 2
... 5. The F-plasmid can be stabily maintained in both Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. However, Hfr’s are formed much less frequently in S. typhimurium than in E. coli. In addition, there are many fewer insertion sites in S. typhimurium compared to E. coli. Given what you know about how Hfr ...
... 5. The F-plasmid can be stabily maintained in both Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. However, Hfr’s are formed much less frequently in S. typhimurium than in E. coli. In addition, there are many fewer insertion sites in S. typhimurium compared to E. coli. Given what you know about how Hfr ...
Mapping Post-Transcriptional Modifications onto Transfer
... RNA. Not only are tRNAs heavily decorated, the types of chemical covalent modifications are rich and varied in both structure and biosynthesis routes. To date, more than 100 different chemical modifications have been characterized on tRNAs from all three domains of life, and two data ...
... RNA. Not only are tRNAs heavily decorated, the types of chemical covalent modifications are rich and varied in both structure and biosynthesis routes. To date, more than 100 different chemical modifications have been characterized on tRNAs from all three domains of life, and two data ...
Complete Thyroxine-Binding Globulin (TBG) Deficiency Produced
... creates a new acceptor splice site one nucleotide upstream of the authentic acceptor splice site adding an intronic G to the downstream exon. This is in agreement with the majority of acceptor splice site mutations reported (15, 18). Exonic and intronic recognition sequences have an established role ...
... creates a new acceptor splice site one nucleotide upstream of the authentic acceptor splice site adding an intronic G to the downstream exon. This is in agreement with the majority of acceptor splice site mutations reported (15, 18). Exonic and intronic recognition sequences have an established role ...
... products from our artificial polyproteins are not produced by proteolysis. We propose that the FMDV 2A sequence, rather than representing a proteolytic element, modifies the activity of the ribosome to promote hydrolysis of the peptidyl(2A)-tRNAGly ester linkage, thereby releasing the polypeptide fr ...
SMN1
... Mechanisms proposed to explain how reduced SMN levels cause SMA According to one hypothesis, reduced SMN levels result in reduced assembly of Sm proteins onto snRNA. This unevenly alters the levels of specific endogenous snRNPs, such as those used to splice minor introns (particularly U11) from pr ...
... Mechanisms proposed to explain how reduced SMN levels cause SMA According to one hypothesis, reduced SMN levels result in reduced assembly of Sm proteins onto snRNA. This unevenly alters the levels of specific endogenous snRNPs, such as those used to splice minor introns (particularly U11) from pr ...
Host Factors in the Replication of Positive
... Following translation and processing of viral proteins, (+)RNA viruses adopt a relatively conserved process for completing the RNA replication cycle in host cells. Studies of the mechanisms of (+)RNA virus replication have suggested that this process usually involves the following steps: 1) selectin ...
... Following translation and processing of viral proteins, (+)RNA viruses adopt a relatively conserved process for completing the RNA replication cycle in host cells. Studies of the mechanisms of (+)RNA virus replication have suggested that this process usually involves the following steps: 1) selectin ...
RNA-based regulation of genes of tryptophan synthesis
... Regulatory subtleties abound, however, therefore each event—at each stage—is not absolute. Other regulatory processes influence trp mRNA synthesis and survival, trp coding region translation, trp enzyme function and turnover, and trp enzyme activity (Landick and Yanofsky 1987; Yanofsky and Crawford ...
... Regulatory subtleties abound, however, therefore each event—at each stage—is not absolute. Other regulatory processes influence trp mRNA synthesis and survival, trp coding region translation, trp enzyme function and turnover, and trp enzyme activity (Landick and Yanofsky 1987; Yanofsky and Crawford ...
Kallikrein-like prorenin-converting enzymes in inbred
... at the molecular level is not clear at all and requires further investigation. We are currently analyzing the promoter region of PRCE C (mK9) of BPH and BPN strains of mice for its sequence and DNA binding proteins. The increased expression of PRCE C (mK9) in BPH mice raises the possibility of its i ...
... at the molecular level is not clear at all and requires further investigation. We are currently analyzing the promoter region of PRCE C (mK9) of BPH and BPN strains of mice for its sequence and DNA binding proteins. The increased expression of PRCE C (mK9) in BPH mice raises the possibility of its i ...
Polyadenylation
Polyadenylation is the addition of a poly(A) tail to a messenger RNA The poly(A) tail consists of multiple adenosine monophosphates; in other words, it is a stretch of RNA that has only adenine bases. In eukaryotes, polyadenylation is part of the process that produces mature messenger RNA (mRNA) for translation. It, therefore, forms part of the larger process of gene expression.The process of polyadenylation begins as the transcription of a gene finishes, or terminates. The 3'-most segment of the newly made pre-mRNA is first cleaved off by a set of proteins; these proteins then synthesize the poly(A) tail at the RNA's 3' end. In some genes, these proteins may add a poly(A) tail at any one of several possible sites. Therefore, polyadenylation can produce more than one transcript from a single gene (alternative polyadenylation), similar to alternative splicing.The poly(A) tail is important for the nuclear export, translation, and stability of mRNA. The tail is shortened over time, and, when it is short enough, the mRNA is enzymatically degraded. However, in a few cell types, mRNAs with short poly(A) tails are stored for later activation by re-polyadenylation in the cytosol. In contrast, when polyadenylation occurs in bacteria, it promotes RNA degradation. This is also sometimes the case for eukaryotic non-coding RNAs.mRNA molecules in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have polyadenylated 3'-ends, with the prokaryotic poly(A) tails generally shorter and less mRNA molecules polyadenylated.