What is a gene, post-ENCODE? History and updated definition
... While sequencing of the human genome surprised us with how many protein-coding genes there are, it did not fundamentally change our perspective on what a gene is. In contrast, the complex patterns of dispersed regulation and pervasive transcription uncovered by the ENCODE project, together with non- ...
... While sequencing of the human genome surprised us with how many protein-coding genes there are, it did not fundamentally change our perspective on what a gene is. In contrast, the complex patterns of dispersed regulation and pervasive transcription uncovered by the ENCODE project, together with non- ...
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... Figure 14.7 Double-strand breaks appear when axial elements form, and disappear during the extension of synaptonemal complexes. Joint molecules appear and persist until DNA recombinants are detected at the end of pachytene. ...
... Figure 14.7 Double-strand breaks appear when axial elements form, and disappear during the extension of synaptonemal complexes. Joint molecules appear and persist until DNA recombinants are detected at the end of pachytene. ...
Introduction to Protists - CK
... two diploid cells two haploid cells one diploid cell two haploid cells and two diploid cells ...
... two diploid cells two haploid cells one diploid cell two haploid cells and two diploid cells ...
Identification, characterization, and expression profiling of salt
... system play a key role in salt-stress tolerance by sustaining the transmembrane proton gradient that assures regulation of ion fluxes and pH (Guern et al., 1989; Stevens and Forgac, 1997). Three protein/protein complexes exist for this purpose: the plasma membrane (H+)-ATPase (P-ATPase) and two vacu ...
... system play a key role in salt-stress tolerance by sustaining the transmembrane proton gradient that assures regulation of ion fluxes and pH (Guern et al., 1989; Stevens and Forgac, 1997). Three protein/protein complexes exist for this purpose: the plasma membrane (H+)-ATPase (P-ATPase) and two vacu ...
Mitochondrial DNA
... PCR – Cycle Two In the second cycle, the steps are repeated, this time there are two partially double-stranded molecules of DNA at the beginning. The DNA is ‘unzipped’ by raising the temperature to 95°C These primers again create a complementary strand to each of the four template strands in the 5’ ...
... PCR – Cycle Two In the second cycle, the steps are repeated, this time there are two partially double-stranded molecules of DNA at the beginning. The DNA is ‘unzipped’ by raising the temperature to 95°C These primers again create a complementary strand to each of the four template strands in the 5’ ...
Deprivation of protein or amino acid induces C/EBPβ synthesis and
... Although blood amino acid levels in mammals serve to dampen fluctuations in intracellular pools, a number of dietary and pathological conditions can result in decreased intracellular amino acid availability, which in turn can modulate a number of fundamental processes. Under these circumstances, the ...
... Although blood amino acid levels in mammals serve to dampen fluctuations in intracellular pools, a number of dietary and pathological conditions can result in decreased intracellular amino acid availability, which in turn can modulate a number of fundamental processes. Under these circumstances, the ...
RNA Express Workflow - support.illumina.com
... converted to BAM files in real time with samtools2. There is no pre-treatment (trimming or filtering) of the FASTQ files. Instead a trim5’ and trim3’ option is passed to STAR, which does the trimming. In addition, STAR performs local alignment, allowing it to softclip read ends automatically (e.g. l ...
... converted to BAM files in real time with samtools2. There is no pre-treatment (trimming or filtering) of the FASTQ files. Instead a trim5’ and trim3’ option is passed to STAR, which does the trimming. In addition, STAR performs local alignment, allowing it to softclip read ends automatically (e.g. l ...
Functional analysis of the regulatory region of a zein gene in
... The transcription of zein genes in maize is tissue-specific and developmentally regulated. The 5' regulatory region of many zein genes contains two promoters, P1 and P2, lying approximately 1000 bases apart. The promoter/enhancer activity of various fragments of the two promoter regions of the zein ...
... The transcription of zein genes in maize is tissue-specific and developmentally regulated. The 5' regulatory region of many zein genes contains two promoters, P1 and P2, lying approximately 1000 bases apart. The promoter/enhancer activity of various fragments of the two promoter regions of the zein ...
Gene Expression Microarray Analysis of Archival FFPE Samples
... samples represent the largest source of archival biological material available for large retrospective prognostic studies of human cancer, with over 400 million FFPE samples estimated in existence. Challenging samples such as degraded or FFPE tissues have remained difficult for gene expression micro ...
... samples represent the largest source of archival biological material available for large retrospective prognostic studies of human cancer, with over 400 million FFPE samples estimated in existence. Challenging samples such as degraded or FFPE tissues have remained difficult for gene expression micro ...
genetics laboratory manual
... substrate (such as the side of your bottle). The cuticle then transforms into a puparium, which is initially soft and white but soon hardens, turning tan and eventually brown and brittle. Shortly after the puparium forms, the larva detaches from the inside of the puparium by molting a fourth time. M ...
... substrate (such as the side of your bottle). The cuticle then transforms into a puparium, which is initially soft and white but soon hardens, turning tan and eventually brown and brittle. Shortly after the puparium forms, the larva detaches from the inside of the puparium by molting a fourth time. M ...
VI Fill in the blank
... 15) The shortest phase of cell cycle 16) The type of cell division that occurs during growth of shoot. 17) The repeating components of each DNA strand length wise. 18) The stage in which nuclear membrane reappear. 19) The kind of cell division that takes place in meristem 20) The kind of cell divisi ...
... 15) The shortest phase of cell cycle 16) The type of cell division that occurs during growth of shoot. 17) The repeating components of each DNA strand length wise. 18) The stage in which nuclear membrane reappear. 19) The kind of cell division that takes place in meristem 20) The kind of cell divisi ...
Molecular biology of Ri-plasmid—A review
... TR-DNA region although the exact number of genes involved in agropine biosynthesis is not known yet (Huffman et al.,1984; Lahners et al.,1984; Willmitzer et al.,1982). Nicotiana glauca tissues transformed with A. rhizogenes contain discrete m-RNA species derived from the TR-DNA. The transcripts homo ...
... TR-DNA region although the exact number of genes involved in agropine biosynthesis is not known yet (Huffman et al.,1984; Lahners et al.,1984; Willmitzer et al.,1982). Nicotiana glauca tissues transformed with A. rhizogenes contain discrete m-RNA species derived from the TR-DNA. The transcripts homo ...
A Genetical Genomics Project
... GO associations of transcripts with correlated expression between liver and lung • General-purpose function for testing GO associations – genes is a vector of the transcript names under consideration – classification is a boolean vector the same length as genes, indicating which transcripts are in ...
... GO associations of transcripts with correlated expression between liver and lung • General-purpose function for testing GO associations – genes is a vector of the transcript names under consideration – classification is a boolean vector the same length as genes, indicating which transcripts are in ...
Leukaemia Section t(1;14)(q21;q32) FCGR2B/IGH Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
... Fusion protein Note No fusion protein. Oncogenesis It is possible that alteration in the b2/b1 mRNA isoforms ratio in B-cells may promote B cell survival. This anomaly is bcl2 deregulation-independant because FCGR2B has been shown to be a tumor-enhancing factor in non lymphoid cells in murine in viv ...
... Fusion protein Note No fusion protein. Oncogenesis It is possible that alteration in the b2/b1 mRNA isoforms ratio in B-cells may promote B cell survival. This anomaly is bcl2 deregulation-independant because FCGR2B has been shown to be a tumor-enhancing factor in non lymphoid cells in murine in viv ...
... Fungal Genetics Reports 56:6-7 The Neurospora crassa temperature-sensitive mutant known as un-10 has been shown by a map-based complementation approach to be a single nucleotide change in the open reading frame of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3b (NCU02208.3). ________________________ ...
Leukaemia Section t(11;11)(q13;q23) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
... DNA/RNA 36 exons, multiple transcripts 13-15 kb. Protein 3969 amino acids; 431 kDa; contains two DNA binding motifs (a AT hook and a CXXC domain), a DNA methyl transferase motif, a bromodomain. MLL is cleaved by taspase 1 into 2 proteins before entering the nucleus, called MLL-N and MLL-C. The FYRN ...
... DNA/RNA 36 exons, multiple transcripts 13-15 kb. Protein 3969 amino acids; 431 kDa; contains two DNA binding motifs (a AT hook and a CXXC domain), a DNA methyl transferase motif, a bromodomain. MLL is cleaved by taspase 1 into 2 proteins before entering the nucleus, called MLL-N and MLL-C. The FYRN ...
Q1. Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disorder. Mr and Mrs Brown do not
... pigment into cotton plants. Their aim is to get cotton plants which produce blue cotton so that denims can be manufactured without the need for dyeing. The scientists have also inserted genes that prevent cotton fibres twisting, with the aim of producing drip dry shirts made from natural fibres. Oth ...
... pigment into cotton plants. Their aim is to get cotton plants which produce blue cotton so that denims can be manufactured without the need for dyeing. The scientists have also inserted genes that prevent cotton fibres twisting, with the aim of producing drip dry shirts made from natural fibres. Oth ...
RNA Genes: Retroelements and Virally Retroposable microRNAs in
... miRNAs have been reported to be transferred between cells and to be able to spread their functionally silencing signals across cell boundaries [42, 43]. In addition, the vault particles implicated in intracellular transport contain small RNAs and these small RNAs may be related with the multidrug re ...
... miRNAs have been reported to be transferred between cells and to be able to spread their functionally silencing signals across cell boundaries [42, 43]. In addition, the vault particles implicated in intracellular transport contain small RNAs and these small RNAs may be related with the multidrug re ...
Biochemical and genetic characterization of the
... each of the DNA ligases have not been definitively established. There is substantial experimental evidence demonstrating that DNA ligase I is the enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments during DNA replication (8–11). However, the sensitivity of both DNA ligase I- (8,12) and DNA ligase III-deficient cell ...
... each of the DNA ligases have not been definitively established. There is substantial experimental evidence demonstrating that DNA ligase I is the enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments during DNA replication (8–11). However, the sensitivity of both DNA ligase I- (8,12) and DNA ligase III-deficient cell ...
Curran, Biology
... – All contain a complete set of DNA – May act like other cells if their pattern of gene expression is altered ...
... – All contain a complete set of DNA – May act like other cells if their pattern of gene expression is altered ...
Module 7 – Microbial Molecular Biology and Genetics
... thymine in RNA and differs from thymine by lacking a methyl group on its ring. Uracil is not usually found in DNA, occurring only as a breakdown product of cytosine. In addition to RNA and DNA a large number of artificial nucleic acid analogues have also been created to study the proprieties of nucl ...
... thymine in RNA and differs from thymine by lacking a methyl group on its ring. Uracil is not usually found in DNA, occurring only as a breakdown product of cytosine. In addition to RNA and DNA a large number of artificial nucleic acid analogues have also been created to study the proprieties of nucl ...
Decoding the Language of Genetics
... diverse, differing in such basic things as the number of copies of their genome their cells normally contain. The analytical ideas emphasized here apply to every organism, even though not every kind of experiment is possible in all of them. Specifically, some organisms (viruses, bacteria, plants, an ...
... diverse, differing in such basic things as the number of copies of their genome their cells normally contain. The analytical ideas emphasized here apply to every organism, even though not every kind of experiment is possible in all of them. Specifically, some organisms (viruses, bacteria, plants, an ...
Molecular Biology and Genetics
... DNA contains the instructions to create proteins, but it does not make proteins itself. DNA is located in the nucleus, which it never leaves, while proteins are made on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. So DNA needs a messenger to bring its instructions to a ribosome located outside of the nucleus. DNA se ...
... DNA contains the instructions to create proteins, but it does not make proteins itself. DNA is located in the nucleus, which it never leaves, while proteins are made on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. So DNA needs a messenger to bring its instructions to a ribosome located outside of the nucleus. DNA se ...
Primary transcript
A primary transcript is the single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) product synthesized by transcription of DNA, and processed to yield various mature RNA products such as mRNAs, tRNAs, and rRNAs. The primary transcripts designated to be mRNAs are modified in preparation for translation. For example, a precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) is a type of primary transcript that becomes a messenger RNA (mRNA) after processing.There are several steps contributing to the production of primary transcripts. All these steps involve a series of interactions to initiate and complete the transcription of DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotes. Certain factors play key roles in the activation and inhibition of transcription, where they regulate primary transcript production. Transcription produces primary transcripts that are further modified by several processes. These processes include the 5' cap, 3'-polyadenylation, and alternative splicing. In particular, alternative splicing directly contributes to the diversity of mRNA found in cells. The modifications of primary transcripts have been further studied in research seeking greater knowledge of the role and significance of these transcripts. Experimental studies based on molecular changes to primary transcripts the processes before and after transcription have led to greater understanding of diseases involving primary transcripts.