Circuit Breaker Types.doc
... [edit] Origins An early form of circuit breaker was described by Edison in an 1879 patent application, although his commercial power distribution system used fuses. [1] Its purpose was to protect lighting circuit wiring from accidental short-circuits and overloads. ...
... [edit] Origins An early form of circuit breaker was described by Edison in an 1879 patent application, although his commercial power distribution system used fuses. [1] Its purpose was to protect lighting circuit wiring from accidental short-circuits and overloads. ...
Design Techniques for EMC, 2006 series
... Reduced levels of power supply transients. When ‘totem-pole’ circuits in ICs change state, they pass through a brief period when both upper and lower devices are on at the same time, momentarily shorting the supply rail. The resulting power supply current transient (sometimes called ‘shoot-through’) ...
... Reduced levels of power supply transients. When ‘totem-pole’ circuits in ICs change state, they pass through a brief period when both upper and lower devices are on at the same time, momentarily shorting the supply rail. The resulting power supply current transient (sometimes called ‘shoot-through’) ...
CMOS high-speed dual-modulus frequency divider for RF frequency
... the divider. For MC = 0, the OR gate (Fig. 7 ) forces the first stage to divide by 3 during one of the four states of the second stage, changing the total division ratio of the divider to 15. The first stage, clocked with the high-input frequency, determines the maximum operating frequency of the di ...
... the divider. For MC = 0, the OR gate (Fig. 7 ) forces the first stage to divide by 3 during one of the four states of the second stage, changing the total division ratio of the divider to 15. The first stage, clocked with the high-input frequency, determines the maximum operating frequency of the di ...
gas leakage alarm
... capacitance; these specifications can be important in high-frequency applications. In a low-noise amplifier or pre-amp, the noise characteristics of a resistor may be an issue. The unwanted inductance, excess noise, and temperature coefficient are mainly dependent on the technology used in manufactu ...
... capacitance; these specifications can be important in high-frequency applications. In a low-noise amplifier or pre-amp, the noise characteristics of a resistor may be an issue. The unwanted inductance, excess noise, and temperature coefficient are mainly dependent on the technology used in manufactu ...
Integrated circuit
An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small plate (""chip"") of semiconductor material, normally silicon. This can be made much smaller than a discrete circuit made from independent electronic components. ICs can be made very compact, having up to several billion transistors and other electronic components in an area the size of a fingernail. The width of each conducting line in a circuit can be made smaller and smaller as the technology advances; in 2008 it dropped below 100 nanometers, and has now been reduced to tens of nanometers.ICs were made possible by experimental discoveries showing that semiconductor devices could perform the functions of vacuum tubes and by mid-20th-century technology advancements in semiconductor device fabrication. The integration of large numbers of tiny transistors into a small chip was an enormous improvement over the manual assembly of circuits using discrete electronic components. The integrated circuit's mass production capability, reliability and building-block approach to circuit design ensured the rapid adoption of standardized integrated circuits in place of designs using discrete transistors.ICs have two main advantages over discrete circuits: cost and performance. Cost is low because the chips, with all their components, are printed as a unit by photolithography rather than being constructed one transistor at a time. Furthermore, packaged ICs use much less material than discrete circuits. Performance is high because the IC's components switch quickly and consume little power (compared to their discrete counterparts) as a result of the small size and close proximity of the components. As of 2012, typical chip areas range from a few square millimeters to around 450 mm2, with up to 9 million transistors per mm2.Integrated circuits are used in virtually all electronic equipment today and have revolutionized the world of electronics. Computers, mobile phones, and other digital home appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the low cost of integrated circuits.