A family of human Y chromosomes has dispersed throughout
... Fig. 1. Inversion – deletion models of the origins of b2/b3 deletions. (A) The ampliconic complex embedding AZFc, shown to scale [3]. The central bar depicts the organization of the constituent amplicons, which are color-coded; sequences with the same color are >99.9% identical. The genomic extents ...
... Fig. 1. Inversion – deletion models of the origins of b2/b3 deletions. (A) The ampliconic complex embedding AZFc, shown to scale [3]. The central bar depicts the organization of the constituent amplicons, which are color-coded; sequences with the same color are >99.9% identical. The genomic extents ...
Chapter 15
... The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance: genes (allele pairs) are on chromosomes and homologous chromosomes segregate during meiosis (principle of segregation) and reunite during fertilization. If allele pairs are on different chromosomes they will sort independently (principle of independent assortme ...
... The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance: genes (allele pairs) are on chromosomes and homologous chromosomes segregate during meiosis (principle of segregation) and reunite during fertilization. If allele pairs are on different chromosomes they will sort independently (principle of independent assortme ...
SARS Outbreaks in Ontario, Hong Kong and Singapore: the role of
... • Diploid (2n): An organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number • Haploid (n): An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes • Gamete: Reproductive cells involved in fertilization. The ovum is the female gamete; the spermatozoon is the male gamete. • ...
... • Diploid (2n): An organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number • Haploid (n): An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes • Gamete: Reproductive cells involved in fertilization. The ovum is the female gamete; the spermatozoon is the male gamete. • ...
Relationship between genetic polymorphism of κ
... In comparison with the studies conducted on Holstein Frisian breed cows, representing at the same time the most dominant dairy breed, there are little official records on polymorphic forms of κ-CN in Simmental breed, particularly Simmental crossbreds obtained by crossing with Red Holstein cows. Acco ...
... In comparison with the studies conducted on Holstein Frisian breed cows, representing at the same time the most dominant dairy breed, there are little official records on polymorphic forms of κ-CN in Simmental breed, particularly Simmental crossbreds obtained by crossing with Red Holstein cows. Acco ...
Can transgenic mosquitoes afford the fitness cost? - MiVEGEC
... mosquitoes were fed on infectious hosts. In any natural situation, in which the probability of feeding on an infectious host is much lower [17], the benefit (but not the cost) of carrying the transgene will be considerably lower. Furthermore, in an epidemiological context, any fitness advantage conf ...
... mosquitoes were fed on infectious hosts. In any natural situation, in which the probability of feeding on an infectious host is much lower [17], the benefit (but not the cost) of carrying the transgene will be considerably lower. Furthermore, in an epidemiological context, any fitness advantage conf ...
Life History Shapes Trait Heredity by Accumulation of
... FIG. 1. A local neutrality model for the emergence of recessive loss-of-function alleles that shape trait heredity in yeast. (A) A local neutrality hypothesis for how the yeast life history promotes emergence of population-specific loss-of-function variation in genes not exposed to selection in loca ...
... FIG. 1. A local neutrality model for the emergence of recessive loss-of-function alleles that shape trait heredity in yeast. (A) A local neutrality hypothesis for how the yeast life history promotes emergence of population-specific loss-of-function variation in genes not exposed to selection in loca ...
PDF
... into additive and dominance effects has been used for conventional quantitative genetic analyses and recently for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL; see, e.g., Lynch and Walsh, 1998). Numerous statistical models have been proposed for such partitioning. Some of them are restricted to populations ...
... into additive and dominance effects has been used for conventional quantitative genetic analyses and recently for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL; see, e.g., Lynch and Walsh, 1998). Numerous statistical models have been proposed for such partitioning. Some of them are restricted to populations ...
Vegetative incompatibility in filamentous fungi: Podospora and
... fact that incompatibility associated with mating type is suppressed by mutations in the tol (for tolerant) gene, but tol mutations do not disrupt the sexual cycle [11,12•]. Another example is the het-c locus of P. anserina — het-c is involved in the het-c/het-e and het-c/het-d non-allelic incompatib ...
... fact that incompatibility associated with mating type is suppressed by mutations in the tol (for tolerant) gene, but tol mutations do not disrupt the sexual cycle [11,12•]. Another example is the het-c locus of P. anserina — het-c is involved in the het-c/het-e and het-c/het-d non-allelic incompatib ...
quant - eweb.furman.edu
... A. Quantitative Effects B. Partitioning Variance 1. Partitioning Phenotypic Variance 2. Partitioning Genetic Variation - Even the genetic variation is more complex than one might think. There is variation due to 'additive' genetic variance, 'dominance' genetic variance, 'epistasis', and a variety of ...
... A. Quantitative Effects B. Partitioning Variance 1. Partitioning Phenotypic Variance 2. Partitioning Genetic Variation - Even the genetic variation is more complex than one might think. There is variation due to 'additive' genetic variance, 'dominance' genetic variance, 'epistasis', and a variety of ...
The causal meaning of Fisher`s average effect
... meant by the quoted definition of the average effect was as follows. We randomly sample a zygote immediately after fertilization but before the onset of any developmental events. If the zygote’s genotype contains a gene of a certain allelic type, say A1 , we change it to A2 . This experimental interve ...
... meant by the quoted definition of the average effect was as follows. We randomly sample a zygote immediately after fertilization but before the onset of any developmental events. If the zygote’s genotype contains a gene of a certain allelic type, say A1 , we change it to A2 . This experimental interve ...
- Wiley Online Library
... they do not express mate preference or choosiness phenotypes. The ecological phenotype, z, determines the resources that an individual can exploit. Examples of ecological phenotypes in nature include habitat preference (which determines the resources an individual encounters) and gape width (which d ...
... they do not express mate preference or choosiness phenotypes. The ecological phenotype, z, determines the resources that an individual can exploit. Examples of ecological phenotypes in nature include habitat preference (which determines the resources an individual encounters) and gape width (which d ...
Why Mendelian segregation?
... alleles at a heterozygous locus are transmitted with equal probability. Though Mendel’s first law described, in principle, a fundamental constraint on genetics systems, Hiraizumi proved that no such limitation exists by finding loci where one of the alleles is able to distort the segregation process ...
... alleles at a heterozygous locus are transmitted with equal probability. Though Mendel’s first law described, in principle, a fundamental constraint on genetics systems, Hiraizumi proved that no such limitation exists by finding loci where one of the alleles is able to distort the segregation process ...
Understanding Genetics and the Sire Summaries
... For example, a single gene controls coat color in Holsteins. Cattle are either red-and-white or black-andwhite. The black gene is dominant and the red gene is recessive. Genes are expressed as “B” (big B) for the dominant black gene and “b” (little b) for the recessive red gene. The combination fro ...
... For example, a single gene controls coat color in Holsteins. Cattle are either red-and-white or black-andwhite. The black gene is dominant and the red gene is recessive. Genes are expressed as “B” (big B) for the dominant black gene and “b” (little b) for the recessive red gene. The combination fro ...
simple patterns of inheritance
... Mendel to conclude that the genetic determinants of traits are “unit factors” that are passed intact from generation to generation. These unit factors are what we now call genes (from the Greek genos, birth), a term coined by the Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen in 1911. Mendel postulated that ever ...
... Mendel to conclude that the genetic determinants of traits are “unit factors” that are passed intact from generation to generation. These unit factors are what we now call genes (from the Greek genos, birth), a term coined by the Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen in 1911. Mendel postulated that ever ...
The Dawn of Genetics
... height in pea plants. • Dominant –Tall is stronger over short so the tall allele will always be expressed if it is present. We use capital letters to show dominant alleles. ...
... height in pea plants. • Dominant –Tall is stronger over short so the tall allele will always be expressed if it is present. We use capital letters to show dominant alleles. ...
Rapid evolution in response to high4 emperat ure select ion
... to the culture medium increased the likelihood that temperaturespecific adaptations could be detected, as opposed to other beneficial but non-temperature-specific mutations that might enhance adaptation to the culture medium. Also, by studying spontaneous mutants that have increased in frequency gra ...
... to the culture medium increased the likelihood that temperaturespecific adaptations could be detected, as opposed to other beneficial but non-temperature-specific mutations that might enhance adaptation to the culture medium. Also, by studying spontaneous mutants that have increased in frequency gra ...
Introduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 7
... − if we know the parents’ genotypes, we can calculate the odds of any given combination of alleles in the offspring − let’s illustrate these ideas with some of Mendel’s pea plants − background fact: pea plants, like most plants, produce male and female gametes − male gametes: contained in pollen − f ...
... − if we know the parents’ genotypes, we can calculate the odds of any given combination of alleles in the offspring − let’s illustrate these ideas with some of Mendel’s pea plants − background fact: pea plants, like most plants, produce male and female gametes − male gametes: contained in pollen − f ...
Sarcoidosis and MIF gene polymorphism:
... ABSTRACT: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is a key pro-inflammatory mediator. A 5CATT repeat functional polymorphism within the promoter of the gene was previously associated with the lowest promoter activity. It was hypothesised that patients exhibiting a 5-CATT allele would have a less aggr ...
... ABSTRACT: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is a key pro-inflammatory mediator. A 5CATT repeat functional polymorphism within the promoter of the gene was previously associated with the lowest promoter activity. It was hypothesised that patients exhibiting a 5-CATT allele would have a less aggr ...
1 Genetic constitution of a population
... being rare in Greenland and relatively common in Iceland. Not only is this locus a source of variation within each of the two populations, but it is also a source of genetic difference between the populations. ...
... being rare in Greenland and relatively common in Iceland. Not only is this locus a source of variation within each of the two populations, but it is also a source of genetic difference between the populations. ...
selection for recombination in small populations
... this result (see also Fig. 1). Negative epistasis generates negative linkage disequilibria among favorable alleles, such that beneficial alleles tend to be found on genetic backgrounds that are less fit than average (Eshel and Feldman 1970). With negative disequilibria among favorable alleles, recom ...
... this result (see also Fig. 1). Negative epistasis generates negative linkage disequilibria among favorable alleles, such that beneficial alleles tend to be found on genetic backgrounds that are less fit than average (Eshel and Feldman 1970). With negative disequilibria among favorable alleles, recom ...
Two Historical Perspectives - University of Hawaii at Hilo
... developmental biology would play a crucial role in understanding evolution. The Synthesis changed all that. In the course of unifying the Darwinian and Mendelian traditions in evolutionary biology, the Synthesis drove a wedge between developmental biology and the population genetic understanding of ...
... developmental biology would play a crucial role in understanding evolution. The Synthesis changed all that. In the course of unifying the Darwinian and Mendelian traditions in evolutionary biology, the Synthesis drove a wedge between developmental biology and the population genetic understanding of ...
Alfred Henry Sturtevant - National Academy of Sciences
... age map. He and others had noticed, however, that excessive variation in the amount of crossing-over sometimes occurs. The factors responsible were isolated by Sturtevant and by Muller around 1915 and were shown to act as dominant cross-over suppressors. The first clue to the nature of these factors ...
... age map. He and others had noticed, however, that excessive variation in the amount of crossing-over sometimes occurs. The factors responsible were isolated by Sturtevant and by Muller around 1915 and were shown to act as dominant cross-over suppressors. The first clue to the nature of these factors ...
Silene sex chromosome genetic map, p. 1 Expansion of
... despite the progress towards a complete genome sequence (International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium 2001). Eutherian PARs now include only a few genes (e.g. Van Laere et al. 2008), making it unlikely that SA polymorphisms will be found among them, so mammal PARs are no longer likely to be info ...
... despite the progress towards a complete genome sequence (International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium 2001). Eutherian PARs now include only a few genes (e.g. Van Laere et al. 2008), making it unlikely that SA polymorphisms will be found among them, so mammal PARs are no longer likely to be info ...
Mutation and selection within the individual
... Germline selection has two primary effects depending on the source of genetic variation within an individual. When a genetic mosaic is created by mutation, germline selection will alter the frequency of the mutation transmitted to offspring. Mutations increasing cell proliferation will be more likel ...
... Germline selection has two primary effects depending on the source of genetic variation within an individual. When a genetic mosaic is created by mutation, germline selection will alter the frequency of the mutation transmitted to offspring. Mutations increasing cell proliferation will be more likel ...
Polymorphism (biology)
Polymorphism in biology is said to occur when two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of a species—in other words, the occurrence of more than one form or morph. In order to be classified as such, morphs must occupy the same habitat at the same time and belong to a panmictic population (one with random mating).Polymorphism as described here involves morphs of the phenotype. The term is also used somewhat differently by molecular biologists to describe certain point mutations in the genotype, such as SNPs (see also RFLPs). This usage is not discussed in this article.Polymorphism is common in nature; it is related to biodiversity, genetic variation and adaptation; it usually functions to retain variety of form in a population living in a varied environment. The most common example is sexual dimorphism, which occurs in many organisms. Other examples are mimetic forms of butterflies (see mimicry), and human hemoglobin and blood types.According to the theory of evolution, polymorphism results from evolutionary processes, as does any aspect of a species. It is heritable and is modified by natural selection. In polyphenism, an individual's genetic make-up allows for different morphs, and the switch mechanism that determines which morph is shown is environmental. In genetic polymorphism, the genetic make-up determines the morph. Ants exhibit both types in a single population.Polymorphism also refers to the occurrence of structurally and functionally more than two different types of individuals, called zooids within the same organism. It is a characteristic feature of Cnidarians.For example, in Obelia there are feeding individuals, the gastrozooids; the individuals capable of asexual reproduction only, the gonozooids, blastostyles and free-living or sexually reproducing individuals, the medusae.