On High-Efficiency Optical Communication and Key Distribution
... and degrade easily over poor atmospheric conditions. In Section III we propose to solve this problem using simple dense (thus non-orthogonal) Gaussian beams; by using spatial PPM modulation, interference between the beams is transformed into a simple noisy channel. We present the fundamental hardwar ...
... and degrade easily over poor atmospheric conditions. In Section III we propose to solve this problem using simple dense (thus non-orthogonal) Gaussian beams; by using spatial PPM modulation, interference between the beams is transformed into a simple noisy channel. We present the fundamental hardwar ...
Ultracold Atoms in Line-World: Bose
... where e−Es /kB T is the Boltzmann factor, kB is the boltzmann constant and Z is the partition function, which is the sum of all the Boltzmann factors for each state. For ordinary gases, the number of available states is much greater than the number of particles. Thus, we can assume that the probabil ...
... where e−Es /kB T is the Boltzmann factor, kB is the boltzmann constant and Z is the partition function, which is the sum of all the Boltzmann factors for each state. For ordinary gases, the number of available states is much greater than the number of particles. Thus, we can assume that the probabil ...
Quantum spin systems from the perspective of quantum
... 2 possible methods to sum this: -If N!1 and homogeneous, one can calculate the largest eigenvector of a column transfer matrix (TMRG) using DMRG with PERIODIC boundary condition (note that it is not always possible to get hermitean transfer matrices) ...
... 2 possible methods to sum this: -If N!1 and homogeneous, one can calculate the largest eigenvector of a column transfer matrix (TMRG) using DMRG with PERIODIC boundary condition (note that it is not always possible to get hermitean transfer matrices) ...
Phys. Rev. Lett
... quality issues. Consider first the case of two independent linearly polarized photons, one horizontal and the other vertical, going through the QP: each will undergo the QP transformation given in Eq. (1), and the two outgoing photons will end up having opposite OAM values 50% of the times. If, howe ...
... quality issues. Consider first the case of two independent linearly polarized photons, one horizontal and the other vertical, going through the QP: each will undergo the QP transformation given in Eq. (1), and the two outgoing photons will end up having opposite OAM values 50% of the times. If, howe ...
Classical error correction
... probability cos2 (θ/2) we detect no error, and with probability sin2 (θ/2) a bit-flip on q-bit 2 (which we then correct). In either case, we are left with the correct state! So this code protects not just against X̂ , but any error involving only Iˆ and X̂ . The reason that this works is that bit-fl ...
... probability cos2 (θ/2) we detect no error, and with probability sin2 (θ/2) a bit-flip on q-bit 2 (which we then correct). In either case, we are left with the correct state! So this code protects not just against X̂ , but any error involving only Iˆ and X̂ . The reason that this works is that bit-fl ...
A class of quantum many-body states that can be efficiently simulated
... case where L is a square lattice. The structure of the MERA, however, can be adapted to a more generic lattice, with arbitrary local, geometric and topological properties, while preserving its distinctive causal structure. For instance, in D = 2 dimensions a specific MERA can be built to represent s ...
... case where L is a square lattice. The structure of the MERA, however, can be adapted to a more generic lattice, with arbitrary local, geometric and topological properties, while preserving its distinctive causal structure. For instance, in D = 2 dimensions a specific MERA can be built to represent s ...
Pairs of Pants, Pochhammer Curves and L2 - Invariants
... As elegant as this argument may be, it throws very little light on the meaning attached to the result (1). In addition, the definitions that have been provided for these invariants (three different versions are proposed in [19], all of which coincide in Atiyah’s example) do not seem to give a hint t ...
... As elegant as this argument may be, it throws very little light on the meaning attached to the result (1). In addition, the definitions that have been provided for these invariants (three different versions are proposed in [19], all of which coincide in Atiyah’s example) do not seem to give a hint t ...
here
... Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 23, 493-6 (1991) 17) D.Applebaum, An operator theoretic approach to stochastic flows on manifolds, Seminaire de Probabilites XXVI, 514 - 33 (1992) 18) D.Applebaum, On a class of stochastic flows driven by quantum Brownian motion, Journal of Theoretical Pro ...
... Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 23, 493-6 (1991) 17) D.Applebaum, An operator theoretic approach to stochastic flows on manifolds, Seminaire de Probabilites XXVI, 514 - 33 (1992) 18) D.Applebaum, On a class of stochastic flows driven by quantum Brownian motion, Journal of Theoretical Pro ...
Quantum mechanics provides us with an understanding of atomic
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. ...
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. ...
Theoretical examination of quantum coherence in a photosynthetic
... The most commonly used theory from this approach in the literature of photosynthetic EET is the conventional Redfield equation (24), which is one of the few viable paths to explore quantum coherence. However, in a typical photosynthetic EET system the reorganization energies are not small in compari ...
... The most commonly used theory from this approach in the literature of photosynthetic EET is the conventional Redfield equation (24), which is one of the few viable paths to explore quantum coherence. However, in a typical photosynthetic EET system the reorganization energies are not small in compari ...
Complete Lecture Notes
... nature and motion of particles and matter was properly accounted for. Newtonian mechanics was put in a solid mathematical framework (Lagrange, Hamilton) and the properties of radiation was covered by Maxwell’s equations. Classical mechanics, however, failed to describe the inherent properties of mat ...
... nature and motion of particles and matter was properly accounted for. Newtonian mechanics was put in a solid mathematical framework (Lagrange, Hamilton) and the properties of radiation was covered by Maxwell’s equations. Classical mechanics, however, failed to describe the inherent properties of mat ...
Connecting processing-capable quantum memories over telecommunication links via quantum frequency conversion
... into an output of a different frequency while its quantum state is preserved. It is this state-preserving feature of SFG and DFG that enables the QFC operation. To build QFC devices compatible with the quantummemory devices described in sections 3 and 4, we consider the use of planar PPLN waveguides ...
... into an output of a different frequency while its quantum state is preserved. It is this state-preserving feature of SFG and DFG that enables the QFC operation. To build QFC devices compatible with the quantummemory devices described in sections 3 and 4, we consider the use of planar PPLN waveguides ...
Probability amplitude
In quantum mechanics, a probability amplitude is a complex number used in describing the behaviour of systems. The modulus squared of this quantity represents a probability or probability density.Probability amplitudes provide a relationship between the wave function (or, more generally, of a quantum state vector) of a system and the results of observations of that system, a link first proposed by Max Born. Interpretation of values of a wave function as the probability amplitude is a pillar of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics. In fact, the properties of the space of wave functions were being used to make physical predictions (such as emissions from atoms being at certain discrete energies) before any physical interpretation of a particular function was offered. Born was awarded half of the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics for this understanding (see #References), and the probability thus calculated is sometimes called the ""Born probability"". These probabilistic concepts, namely the probability density and quantum measurements, were vigorously contested at the time by the original physicists working on the theory, such as Schrödinger and Einstein. It is the source of the mysterious consequences and philosophical difficulties in the interpretations of quantum mechanics—topics that continue to be debated even today.