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conference proceedings - Columbia University School of Social Work
conference proceedings - Columbia University School of Social Work

... Association (APA) released the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). The DSM-5 is designed for use across clinical settings and with community populations by health and mental health professionals with different orientations, and as a requisite tool for collec ...
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... Mental health professionals may also ask permission to speak with friends and family to help make a diagnosis. The level of insight varies across people with hoarding disorder. Some individuals may recognize and acknowledge that they have a problem with accumulating possessions; others may not see a ...
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... four factors (Claridge et al., 1996; Mason et al., 1995). The first, unusual experiences, contains perceptual aberration, hallucinatory, and magical thinking items consonant with the positive symptoms (i.e., hallucinations, delusions and thought disorder) of psychotic illness. The second, cognitive d ...
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Bipolar II disorder

Bipolar II disorder (BP-II; pronounced ""type two bipolar disorder"") is a bipolar spectrum disorder (see also Bipolar disorder) characterized by at least one episode of hypomania and at least one episode of major depression. Diagnosis for bipolar II disorder requires that the individual must never have experienced a full manic episode (unless it was caused by an antidepressant medication; otherwise one manic episode meets the criteria for bipolar I disorder). Symptoms of mania and hypomania are similar, though mania is more severe and may precipitate psychosis. The hypomanic episodes associated with bipolar II disorder must last for at least four days. Commonly, depressive episodes are more frequent and more intense than hypomanic episodes. Additionally, when compared to bipolar I disorder, type II presents more frequent depressive episodes and shorter intervals of well-being. The course of bipolar II disorder is more chronic and consists of more frequent cycling than the course of bipolar I disorder. Finally, bipolar II is associated with a greater risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors than bipolar I or unipolar depression. Although bipolar II is commonly perceived to be a milder form of Type I, this is not the case. Types I and II present equally severe burdens.Bipolar II is difficult to diagnose. Patients usually seek help when they are in a depressed state. Because the symptoms of hypomania are often mistaken for high functioning behavior or simply attributed to personality, patients are typically not aware of their hypomanic symptoms. As a result, they are unable to provide their doctor with all the information needed for an accurate assessment; these individuals are often misdiagnosed with unipolar depression. Of all individuals initially diagnosed with major depressive disorder, between 40% and 50% will later be diagnosed with either BP-I or BP-II. Substance abuse disorders (which have high comorbidity with BP-II) and periods of mixed depression may also make it more difficult to accurately identify BP-II. Despite the difficulties, it is important that BP-II individuals be correctly assessed so that they can receive the proper treatment. Antidepressant use, in the absence of mood stabilizers, is correlated with worsening BP-II symptoms.
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