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Domain-general mechanisms of complex working memory span
Domain-general mechanisms of complex working memory span

... The measurement of WM capacity Variation in WM capacity across individuals correlates strongly with performance on a range of complex cognitive tasks (e.g., verbal SAT, Ravens Matrices, etc.). Through nearly 30 years of careful investigation, we and others (Bayliss et al., 2005; Conway et al., 2005; ...
The Perirhinal, Entorhinal, and Parahippocampal Cortices and
The Perirhinal, Entorhinal, and Parahippocampal Cortices and

... influential study, Vargha-Khadem and colleagues (1997) studied four patients with selective hippocampal damage acquired at an early age, who were nonetheless able to acquire normal levels of language comprehension and perform relatively well in school, that is, acquire semantic-like knowledge. Thus, ...
Neural and cognitive mechanisms underlying human
Neural and cognitive mechanisms underlying human

... Milner, 1957; Squire, 1992). More recently, researchers have also begun to explore the interplay between episodic encoding and retrieval. This relationship is complicated by the fact that most of our experiences contain both novel and familiar elements. Thus, at any given moment we could either lay ...
Contrasting early visual cortical activation states causally involved in
Contrasting early visual cortical activation states causally involved in

... threshold as an indicator of visual cortical excitability, that visual imagery increases the excitability of early visual cortical neurons involved in visual imagery. Specifically, they showed that visual imagery decreased the intensity of TMS required for phosphene induction when the imagined stimul ...
How we thought of the brain And, How we now think of the brain
How we thought of the brain And, How we now think of the brain

... machines. • The thirty-second commercial is still with us, but for how long? ...
Confabulation: Damage to a specific inferior medial prefrontal system
Confabulation: Damage to a specific inferior medial prefrontal system

... et al., 1997; Mercer et al., 1977), frontal tumours (Fotopoulou et al., 2004), head injury (Baddeley and Wilson, 1988; Berlyne, 1972; Box et al., 1999; Damasio et al., 1985; Demery et al., 2001; Moscovitch and Melo, 1997), frontotemporal dementia (Nedjam et al., 2000; Moscovitch and Melo, 1997), Kor ...
PET Imaging of Differential Cortical Activation to
PET Imaging of Differential Cortical Activation to

... temporal cortex, regions classically implicated as speech/language centers from postmortem studies with aphasic patients (Geschwind, 1979). Furthermore, by comparing brain activation patterns under task conditions requiring different levels of signal processing and analysis, more extensive regions b ...
Reading Words in Discourse: The Modulation of - UNC
Reading Words in Discourse: The Modulation of - UNC

... Brown, and Charalambous (1989) found that discourse context did not interact with lexical repetition in reading times. Their first experiment presented congruent and scrambled paragraphs twice; the second presentation either matched the first in presentation form or was in the alternate form. Partic ...
Different types of “dissociation” have different psychological
Different types of “dissociation” have different psychological

... derealization factors, particularly as there was no evidence that these two had different base-rates in the general population sample that was assessed. According to Holmes et al (2005), the statistical separation of amnesia and depersonalization-derealization items on the DES reflects the fact that ...
Hippocampal contributions to language
Hippocampal contributions to language

... and listened to short stories. The amount of time participants spent looking at the characters after a pronoun reference was recorded. Healthy comparisons and BDC participants preferentially targeted the first mentioned character while participants with hippocampal damage did not to the same degree, ...
Retrieval induces adaptive forgetting of competing memories via
Retrieval induces adaptive forgetting of competing memories via

... P = 0.002; Fig. 3), as tested in a repeated-measures ANOVA with the factors item type (target versus baseline) and repetition (one to four). There was a significant item type × repetition interaction in ventral visual cortex (F3,69 = 4.15, P = 0.009) and hippocampus (F3,69 = 4.72, P = 0.007). Post h ...
Dissociable Functions in the Medial and Lateral Orbitofrontal Cortex
Dissociable Functions in the Medial and Lateral Orbitofrontal Cortex

... the other according to certain pre-specified rules. The study of performance feedback used a variant of this task with several additional constraints. Firstly, subjects were presented only with the relatively difficult three- to six-move problems and secondly, they were allowed only 10 s to consider ...
On the nature of medial temporal lobe contributions to the
On the nature of medial temporal lobe contributions to the

... to recall the last few words in a sentence, or the remote past, as when we recall our childhood experiences. It is becoming increasingly clear, however, that predicting the future and remembering the past may be more closely related than everyday experience might suggest. For example, errors in pred ...
Phonological similarity and the irrelevant speech
Phonological similarity and the irrelevant speech

... intra-list phonological similarity and in the number of items in the list. Sequences of similar letters were assumed to be harder to recall accurately (the phonological similarity effect), because the remembered items had fewer distinguishing phonological features, and hence were more vulnerable to ...
Role of Prefrontal and Parietal Cortices in Associative - ACT-R
Role of Prefrontal and Parietal Cortices in Associative - ACT-R

... retrieval demands were minimal with cases where they were substantial. The minimal retrieval condition was created by asking participants to retrieve an item immediately after studying. The substantial retrieval condition was created by inserting a number of intervening items. This variable of delay ...
File - Sheffield Peer Teaching Society
File - Sheffield Peer Teaching Society

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Sensitivity to sampling in Bayesian word learning
Sensitivity to sampling in Bayesian word learning

... contrast, a contrast between patterns of generalization in two different kinds of trials. On a one-example trial, the experimenter pointed to an object, e.g. a toy basset hound, and taught the learner a new word with an utterance such as ‘See this? This is a fep!’ She continued talking and interacti ...
Three Cases of Enduring Memory Impairment after Bilateral Damage
Three Cases of Enduring Memory Impairment after Bilateral Damage

... 1988; Kritchevsky and Squire, 1993). He was a Caucasian male born in 1923, who obtained 17 years of education and worked as a systems engineer. Before his amnesic episode in 1986, WH had a 10 year history of mild, successfully treated hypertension. He was a former alcoholic and had stopped drinking ...
The anatomy, physiology and functions of the
The anatomy, physiology and functions of the

... mechanisms that may play a role in recognition memory. In addition to the sensory-related perirhinal neurons described above, the responses of another subpopulation of memory-related perirhinal neurons were modulated by information held in memory. Typically, these neurons responded better to some no ...
Pulmonary gas exchange in elderly subjects
Pulmonary gas exchange in elderly subjects

... however, usually obtained by extrapolation from measurements performed in subjects mainly in the adult age range, with no, or very few, elderly people. For example, SORBINI et al. [5] studied 152 subjects, including 24 above 60 yrs of age with a median age of 71 yrs, and only 10 above 70 yrs. In thi ...
Language repetition and short-term memory: an integrative
Language repetition and short-term memory: an integrative

... sulcus and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the left hemisphere; activations in the language network were observed, with specific recruitment of regions of the dorsal language pathway (left supramarginal cortex) for the rhyme judgment task but these activations did not respond in a load-depende ...
THE CINGULATE CORTEX AND HUMAN MEMORY PROCESSES
THE CINGULATE CORTEX AND HUMAN MEMORY PROCESSES

... memory tests. However, a decrease in the number of errors not only does not improve overall memory performance but actually tends to deteriorate total recall. Revealed correlations can be summarized under the concept of an anteroposterior gradient of cortical function development and interhemispheri ...
Abnormal Psychology: psychological disorders
Abnormal Psychology: psychological disorders

... Conference."Males are taking on our unhealthy obsession with thinness and perfection, and as a result we are seeing an increased incidence in eating disorders in males" says Sondra Kronberg. • According to the National Eating Disorders Association, there are about 1 million men with serious eating d ...
The Role of Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Decision Making
The Role of Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Decision Making

... continuing until they had indicated their preference between all possible pairs of the 8 food items in the set. Overall completion time for the food and color categories was measured by means of a stopwatch. Each participant chose from the same foods and colors, but compared different sets of people ...
International Encyclopedia of Rehabilitation - Cirrie
International Encyclopedia of Rehabilitation - Cirrie

... instance, in aging disorders. It is more common to observe anterograde amnesia in the absence of retrograde amnesia, or with short-term retrograde amnesia, ranging from a few minutes to a few hours. It is, however, rare to clinically observe retrograde amnesia in the absence of anterograde amnesia. ...
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Misattribution of memory

Memory plays an important role in a number of aspects of our everyday lives and allows us to recall past experiences, navigate our environments, and learn new tasks. From this view, information about a source of memory is assumed to contain certain characteristics that reflect the conditions under which the memory representations were attained. Judgments about these sources are made by evaluating the amount and nature of the characteristics. The accuracy of their recall varies depending on the circumstances at which they are retrieved. Generally speaking, misattribution of memory involves source details retained in memory but erroneously attributing a recollection or idea to the wrong source. Misattribution is likely to occur when individuals are unable to monitor and control the influence of their attitudes, toward their judgments, at the time of retrieval. Thus, memory is adapted to retain information that is most likely to be needed in the environment in which it operates. Therefore, any misattribution observed is likely to be a reflection of current attitudes.Misattribution is divided into three components; cryptomnesia, false memories, and source confusion. It was originally noted as one of Daniel Schacter's, The Seven Sins of Memory. His book, The Seven Sins of Memory: How the Mind Forgets and Remembers, identifies misattribution as a type of memory distortion or inaccuracy. For example, people may assert that they saw a face in one context when they actually encountered it in another.
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