Indeterminism and the contrastive theory of explanation Petri
... of explanation in the indeterministic contexts. Rather, it seems to be an indispensable tool for clarifying what we are capable of explaining in such contexts. Salmon agrees that we cannot completely explain f, but his theory does not allow him to explicate what about f can be explained. The contras ...
... of explanation in the indeterministic contexts. Rather, it seems to be an indispensable tool for clarifying what we are capable of explaining in such contexts. Salmon agrees that we cannot completely explain f, but his theory does not allow him to explicate what about f can be explained. The contras ...
Implicit arguments in situation semantics
... goal, agency, etc. does not affect well-formedness. Furthermore, these elements co-occur not only with verbal predicates, but also with simple nominals which would not be plausibly viewed as selecting them. The common nouns boy and letter in (8d) and (10b), for example, appear to be simple one-place ...
... goal, agency, etc. does not affect well-formedness. Furthermore, these elements co-occur not only with verbal predicates, but also with simple nominals which would not be plausibly viewed as selecting them. The common nouns boy and letter in (8d) and (10b), for example, appear to be simple one-place ...
Day 2 Slides
... whether the truth of the premises would in fact enhance the probability of the conclusion. This requires knowledge of how things work and how they are related. • To determine COGENCY you must know the truth of the premises (beyond logic) ...
... whether the truth of the premises would in fact enhance the probability of the conclusion. This requires knowledge of how things work and how they are related. • To determine COGENCY you must know the truth of the premises (beyond logic) ...
Philosophy of Science Matters - The Shifting Balance of Factors
... no laws of nature that apply. This is the case in the example above: there are no laws of nature that apply to the origin of species, but the tutee may still want to ask, “How are new species formed?”—a question that the pragmatist is willing to accept as explanation-seeking. This explanation will a ...
... no laws of nature that apply. This is the case in the example above: there are no laws of nature that apply to the origin of species, but the tutee may still want to ask, “How are new species formed?”—a question that the pragmatist is willing to accept as explanation-seeking. This explanation will a ...
THE PARADOXES OF STRICT IMPLICATION John L
... implication with a relation between meanings. However, we must be more explicit about just what this relation is. Let us begin with the case of analytic equivalence. It is probably the predominant view that the statement that p (e.g., the statement that 2 + 2 = 4) and the statement that q are analyt ...
... implication with a relation between meanings. However, we must be more explicit about just what this relation is. Let us begin with the case of analytic equivalence. It is probably the predominant view that the statement that p (e.g., the statement that 2 + 2 = 4) and the statement that q are analyt ...
god`s dice: the law in a probabilistic world
... We ought to regard the present state of the universe as the effect of its antecedent state and as the cause of the state that is to follow. An intelligence knowing all the forces acting in nature at a given instant, as well as the momentary positions of all things in the universe, would be able to c ...
... We ought to regard the present state of the universe as the effect of its antecedent state and as the cause of the state that is to follow. An intelligence knowing all the forces acting in nature at a given instant, as well as the momentary positions of all things in the universe, would be able to c ...
7._Relational_Proposition - abuad lms
... • A relation is intransitive if it is such that if When a first thing has a relation to a second thing, and the second thing has the same relation to a third thing then the first thing cannot have the relation to the third. I.E. if A has a relation to B and B has a relation to C then A cannot have t ...
... • A relation is intransitive if it is such that if When a first thing has a relation to a second thing, and the second thing has the same relation to a third thing then the first thing cannot have the relation to the third. I.E. if A has a relation to B and B has a relation to C then A cannot have t ...
CHAPTER 2 Logic - people.vcu.edu
... It is important to be aware that the meaning of “or” expressed in the above table differs from the way it is often used in everyday conversation. For example, suppose a university official makes the following threat: You pay your tuition or you will be withdrawn from school. You understand that this ...
... It is important to be aware that the meaning of “or” expressed in the above table differs from the way it is often used in everyday conversation. For example, suppose a university official makes the following threat: You pay your tuition or you will be withdrawn from school. You understand that this ...
full text
... innately have a positive or negative evaluation. But when collocated with the adverb just, it is conveyed that the speaker finds it not good for him to be a student, comparing the status with more independent ones. Therefore, the utterance in (2) can be said to be evaluatively negative. This paper s ...
... innately have a positive or negative evaluation. But when collocated with the adverb just, it is conveyed that the speaker finds it not good for him to be a student, comparing the status with more independent ones. Therefore, the utterance in (2) can be said to be evaluatively negative. This paper s ...
Binding Connectivity in Copular Sentences
... c. Binding of "bare" reflexive What the missile destroyed was itself (peters and Bach, 1 968) Yet on the other hand, copular sentences have been particularly intractable for solutions that rely on abstract levels, for reasons which I will discuss below. This might suggest then, that the moral to be ...
... c. Binding of "bare" reflexive What the missile destroyed was itself (peters and Bach, 1 968) Yet on the other hand, copular sentences have been particularly intractable for solutions that rely on abstract levels, for reasons which I will discuss below. This might suggest then, that the moral to be ...
Conceptual metaphor in syntax: sentence structure level
... 1987, 1990, Lakoff 1993, Lakoff & Johnson 1980) which show the way certain aspects of event structure are characterized. This paper argues that not only the ones mentioned above, but all basic simple sentence patterns (such as the patterns Subject + Verb, Subject + Verb + Object, Subject + Verb (lin ...
... 1987, 1990, Lakoff 1993, Lakoff & Johnson 1980) which show the way certain aspects of event structure are characterized. This paper argues that not only the ones mentioned above, but all basic simple sentence patterns (such as the patterns Subject + Verb, Subject + Verb + Object, Subject + Verb (lin ...
mathematical reasoning
... conclusion that it must be white. Observe that logical reasoning from the given hypotheses can not reveal what “black” or “white” mean, or why an object can not be both. Infact, logic is the study of general patterns of reasoning, without reference to particular meaning or context. 14.1.1 Statements ...
... conclusion that it must be white. Observe that logical reasoning from the given hypotheses can not reveal what “black” or “white” mean, or why an object can not be both. Infact, logic is the study of general patterns of reasoning, without reference to particular meaning or context. 14.1.1 Statements ...
on-interpretation
... take place in the fullness of time. Further, it makes no difference whether people have or have not actually made the contradictory statements. For it is manifest that the circumstances are not influenced by the fact of an affirmation or denial on the part of anyone. For events will not take place o ...
... take place in the fullness of time. Further, it makes no difference whether people have or have not actually made the contradictory statements. For it is manifest that the circumstances are not influenced by the fact of an affirmation or denial on the part of anyone. For events will not take place o ...
Argument Strurcture and Semantic Change
... same meaning, namely transitive babysit NP, as in (1a), and the synonymous prepositional babysit for NP, as in (1b). As the simple timeline laid out above makes clear, the verb babysit developed over time with different argument structures but, significantly, without any concomitant change in semant ...
... same meaning, namely transitive babysit NP, as in (1a), and the synonymous prepositional babysit for NP, as in (1b). As the simple timeline laid out above makes clear, the verb babysit developed over time with different argument structures but, significantly, without any concomitant change in semant ...
NIETZSCHE AND EVOLUTIONARY THEORY Poststructuralisl thinkers lend re/alionship
... so frequently identified with one of the very nineteenth century figures who se theory of evolution he repeatedly sought to challenge and whom he dismissed as an intellectual mediocrity. The poststructuralist view of Nietzsche's relationship to science is one with much merit, since Nietzsche did aim ...
... so frequently identified with one of the very nineteenth century figures who se theory of evolution he repeatedly sought to challenge and whom he dismissed as an intellectual mediocrity. The poststructuralist view of Nietzsche's relationship to science is one with much merit, since Nietzsche did aim ...
Adaptation and Evolutionary Theory
... often thought to be of two kinds, descriptive and speak of an abstract theory of evolution which stipulative. (See, for example, I-Iempel (1966), covers natural selection, group selection and even chapter 7.) Descriptive definitions simply describe the selection of tin cans in junk yards. But most t ...
... often thought to be of two kinds, descriptive and speak of an abstract theory of evolution which stipulative. (See, for example, I-Iempel (1966), covers natural selection, group selection and even chapter 7.) Descriptive definitions simply describe the selection of tin cans in junk yards. But most t ...
Propositional Discourse Logic
... think that he has said the last word, making no sense. But if he continues as ...
... think that he has said the last word, making no sense. But if he continues as ...
Completeness or Incompleteness of Basic Mathematical Concepts
... truth values for all sentences of first-order arithmetic. That is, it implies each first-order sentence or its negation. In fact I think that the concept of the natural numbers has a stronger property than first-order completeness. I will discuss this property, which I call “full determinateness” in ...
... truth values for all sentences of first-order arithmetic. That is, it implies each first-order sentence or its negation. In fact I think that the concept of the natural numbers has a stronger property than first-order completeness. I will discuss this property, which I call “full determinateness” in ...
The Uses of Probability and the Choice of a Reference Class
... as a relation between a statement, a body of knowledge K, and a pair of real numbers. The language of K is assumed to be rich enough for set theory (at least including the ordinary theory of real numbers) and we assume that it contains a finite stock of extralogical predicates. Following Quine's pro ...
... as a relation between a statement, a body of knowledge K, and a pair of real numbers. The language of K is assumed to be rich enough for set theory (at least including the ordinary theory of real numbers) and we assume that it contains a finite stock of extralogical predicates. Following Quine's pro ...
this article - Department of Philosophy
... form a is F is true in the sense that it contains in its making the truth-value “True.” A truth-value is, in a special sense, thereby conferred upon any judgment or statement that states this is so. This is a consequence of the declarative statement’s logical form. The grammatical rendering of such ...
... form a is F is true in the sense that it contains in its making the truth-value “True.” A truth-value is, in a special sense, thereby conferred upon any judgment or statement that states this is so. This is a consequence of the declarative statement’s logical form. The grammatical rendering of such ...
Computing the least common subsumer
... available description language that subsumes all these concepts). The knowledge engineer can then use the computed concept as a starting point for the concept definition. Another application of the least common subsumer computation is structuring of DL knowledge bases. In fact, in many cases these k ...
... available description language that subsumes all these concepts). The knowledge engineer can then use the computed concept as a starting point for the concept definition. Another application of the least common subsumer computation is structuring of DL knowledge bases. In fact, in many cases these k ...
Concretion: Assumption-Based Understanding
... Concretion :b~the process of taking abstract concepts and prodating from ~hem concepts that are more precise, or concrete. The motivation for this mechanism is strong in story understanding [Norvig, 1983, Wilensky, 1983], because understanding a story ~,eems to involve a continuous refinement of the ...
... Concretion :b~the process of taking abstract concepts and prodating from ~hem concepts that are more precise, or concrete. The motivation for this mechanism is strong in story understanding [Norvig, 1983, Wilensky, 1983], because understanding a story ~,eems to involve a continuous refinement of the ...
Meme (French mème, German Mem), a term coined by Richard
... it retains in (almost) all transmission steps; without it, it would cease to be funny and would not be passed on. A joke (or, more precisely, that part of its content that makes it funny) is a comparatively fit meme complex: even though in most transfers some amount of modification occurs, this vari ...
... it retains in (almost) all transmission steps; without it, it would cease to be funny and would not be passed on. A joke (or, more precisely, that part of its content that makes it funny) is a comparatively fit meme complex: even though in most transfers some amount of modification occurs, this vari ...
THE LOGIC OF QUANTIFIED STATEMENTS
... “some” or “all” and tell for how many elements a given predicate is true. • e.g., For some integer x, x is divisible by 5 • e.g., For all integer x, x is divisible by 5 • e.g., there exists two integer x, such that x is divisible by 5. • All above three are now propositions (i.e., they have truth va ...
... “some” or “all” and tell for how many elements a given predicate is true. • e.g., For some integer x, x is divisible by 5 • e.g., For all integer x, x is divisible by 5 • e.g., there exists two integer x, such that x is divisible by 5. • All above three are now propositions (i.e., they have truth va ...
How do writers effectively inform their audience through
... Concept: Connections between texts characterization, analogy, analyze text, point of view, fact/opinion, inference, conclusion, problem/ solution, generalization, mulitcultural awareness, theme, dynamic character - ...
... Concept: Connections between texts characterization, analogy, analyze text, point of view, fact/opinion, inference, conclusion, problem/ solution, generalization, mulitcultural awareness, theme, dynamic character - ...