a-logic - Digital Commons@Wayne State University
... paradox of the liar and related paradoxes were raised later. Other problems emerged as proponents tried to apply standard logic to the empirical sciences. These included the problems of contrary-to-fact conditionals, of dispositional predicates, of confirmation theory and of probabilities for condit ...
... paradox of the liar and related paradoxes were raised later. Other problems emerged as proponents tried to apply standard logic to the empirical sciences. These included the problems of contrary-to-fact conditionals, of dispositional predicates, of confirmation theory and of probabilities for condit ...
Ground Nonmonotonic Modal Logics - Dipartimento di Informatica e
... does not provide a nonmonotonic logic, while S5 models of minimal knowledge have a natural interpretation as maximal sets of possible worlds. The goal of our work1 is to study the family of ground logics, from the semantical, computational and epistemological viewpoint. With respect to the first iss ...
... does not provide a nonmonotonic logic, while S5 models of minimal knowledge have a natural interpretation as maximal sets of possible worlds. The goal of our work1 is to study the family of ground logics, from the semantical, computational and epistemological viewpoint. With respect to the first iss ...
THE PARADOXES OF STRICT IMPLICATION John L
... implication. According to it, any two analytic statements must have the same meaning. For example, it must mean the same thing to say that 2 + 2 — 4 as to say that all bachelors are unmarried. But that is absurd. These statements do not mean the same thing. Thus if we took the above view of implicat ...
... implication. According to it, any two analytic statements must have the same meaning. For example, it must mean the same thing to say that 2 + 2 — 4 as to say that all bachelors are unmarried. But that is absurd. These statements do not mean the same thing. Thus if we took the above view of implicat ...
PDF - University of Kent
... valid syllogism and can be classified as AAA. All the valid syllogisms have been given names which reflect the types of propositions and this one is called Barbara. The conclusion consists of a subject (s) and a predicate (p). m is called the middle term and must occur in both premises. Formally, sy ...
... valid syllogism and can be classified as AAA. All the valid syllogisms have been given names which reflect the types of propositions and this one is called Barbara. The conclusion consists of a subject (s) and a predicate (p). m is called the middle term and must occur in both premises. Formally, sy ...
Argumentations and logic
... later realize that they had not settled it at all. Some propositions thought to be known to be true are not really known to be true. In fact, some of them are false. Some propositions thought to be known to be false are not really known to be false. In fact, some of them are true. Hypotheses excite ...
... later realize that they had not settled it at all. Some propositions thought to be known to be true are not really known to be true. In fact, some of them are false. Some propositions thought to be known to be false are not really known to be false. In fact, some of them are true. Hypotheses excite ...
Reasoning about Complex Actions with Incomplete Knowledge: A
... Note that, in order to avoid introducing many variant of the same clauses, as a shorthand, we use the metavariables I, J, where I, J ∈ {door1, door2} and I = J. Precondition laws allow to specify knowledge preconditions for actions, i.e. those epistemic conditions which make an action executable in ...
... Note that, in order to avoid introducing many variant of the same clauses, as a shorthand, we use the metavariables I, J, where I, J ∈ {door1, door2} and I = J. Precondition laws allow to specify knowledge preconditions for actions, i.e. those epistemic conditions which make an action executable in ...
Combining Paraconsistent Logic with Argumentation
... moreover, allow for the full reasoning power of a deductive logic. Although for many cases less expressiveness may suffice, a full theory of the logic of argumentation cannot exclude the general case. Caminada, Carnielli and Dunne [5] formulated a new set of rationality postulates in addition to tho ...
... moreover, allow for the full reasoning power of a deductive logic. Although for many cases less expressiveness may suffice, a full theory of the logic of argumentation cannot exclude the general case. Caminada, Carnielli and Dunne [5] formulated a new set of rationality postulates in addition to tho ...
Modal Logic - Web Services Overview
... Sentence “ it is possible that it will rain in afternoon” is equivalent to the sentence “it is not necessary that it will not rain in afternoon” Sentence “ it is possible that this Boolean function is satisfied” is equivalent to the sentence “it is not necessary that this Boolean function is not sat ...
... Sentence “ it is possible that it will rain in afternoon” is equivalent to the sentence “it is not necessary that it will not rain in afternoon” Sentence “ it is possible that this Boolean function is satisfied” is equivalent to the sentence “it is not necessary that this Boolean function is not sat ...
... We say that cp is valid in M, and write M i= cp, if (M, w ) i= cp for all respect to 9). w E W,. We then define (T FA cp to hold if M .[a] implies M t= ~ [ c p ] for all M E A and all substitutions 7. For example, defining truth in modal logic with respect to pairs ( M ,w) consisting of a Kripke str ...
Towards an Epistemic Logic of Grounded Belief
... in the model M she is reasoning within. For the most part, logicians and computer-scientists like to hold that ideal knowers know at least all local validities (Halpern, 1999; Hintikka, 1962; Lenzen, 1978; Meyer and van der Hoek, 1995). Minimally, if an ideal knower only knew (φ → (ψ → φ)), ((φ → ( ...
... in the model M she is reasoning within. For the most part, logicians and computer-scientists like to hold that ideal knowers know at least all local validities (Halpern, 1999; Hintikka, 1962; Lenzen, 1978; Meyer and van der Hoek, 1995). Minimally, if an ideal knower only knew (φ → (ψ → φ)), ((φ → ( ...
Justifying Underlying Desires for Argument
... from given knowledge and desires. They, however, do not address the situations in which there are no means for realizing the given desires nor desires derived from the sum of the desires and knowledge using these reasoning. In [11], the authors give defeasible inference rules transferring a modal op ...
... from given knowledge and desires. They, however, do not address the situations in which there are no means for realizing the given desires nor desires derived from the sum of the desires and knowledge using these reasoning. In [11], the authors give defeasible inference rules transferring a modal op ...
Logic: Semantics and Bottom-Up Proofs
... We start from a restricted form of Prop. Logic: Only two kinds of statements • that a proposition is true • that a proposition is true if one or more other propositions are true ...
... We start from a restricted form of Prop. Logic: Only two kinds of statements • that a proposition is true • that a proposition is true if one or more other propositions are true ...
Knowledge Representation and Reasoning
... We have defined provability as a property of an argument which depends on the inference rules of a logical proof system. Validity on the other hand is defined by appealing directly to the meanings of formulae and to the circumstances in which they are true or false. In the next lecture we shall look ...
... We have defined provability as a property of an argument which depends on the inference rules of a logical proof system. Validity on the other hand is defined by appealing directly to the meanings of formulae and to the circumstances in which they are true or false. In the next lecture we shall look ...
Plausibility structures for default reasoning
... not be satisfied are known (e.g. when using defaults for expressing expected results of indeterministic actions, a common application of default reasoning). However, against the main traditions in default reasoning, the inference by plausibility defined in [4, 5] must satisfy a special case of the r ...
... not be satisfied are known (e.g. when using defaults for expressing expected results of indeterministic actions, a common application of default reasoning). However, against the main traditions in default reasoning, the inference by plausibility defined in [4, 5] must satisfy a special case of the r ...
Logic: Semantics and Bottom-Up Proofs
... We start from a restricted form of Prop. Logic: Only two kinds of statements • that a proposition is true • that a proposition is true if one or more other propositions are true ...
... We start from a restricted form of Prop. Logic: Only two kinds of statements • that a proposition is true • that a proposition is true if one or more other propositions are true ...
19_pl
... An interpretation is a complete True / False assignment to all propositional symbols Example symbols: P means “It is hot”, Q means “It is humid”, R means “It is raining” There are 8 interpretations (TTT, ..., FFF) The semantics (meaning) of a sentence is the set of interpretations in which the s ...
... An interpretation is a complete True / False assignment to all propositional symbols Example symbols: P means “It is hot”, Q means “It is humid”, R means “It is raining” There are 8 interpretations (TTT, ..., FFF) The semantics (meaning) of a sentence is the set of interpretations in which the s ...
Propositional Logic
... § level 0 clauses: KB clauses and ¬ query § level k clauses: resolvents computed from 2 clauses: • one of which must be from level k-1 • other from any earlier level § compute all possible level 1 clauses, then all possible level 2 clauses, etc. § complete but very inefficient ...
... § level 0 clauses: KB clauses and ¬ query § level k clauses: resolvents computed from 2 clauses: • one of which must be from level k-1 • other from any earlier level § compute all possible level 1 clauses, then all possible level 2 clauses, etc. § complete but very inefficient ...
Propositional logic - Computing Science
... [Q] How to formalize/validate our arguments? Argument = premises (proposition or statement) + conclusion To have confidence in the conclusion in your argument, the premises should be acceptable on their own merits or follow from other statements that are known to be true. [Q] Any logical forms for v ...
... [Q] How to formalize/validate our arguments? Argument = premises (proposition or statement) + conclusion To have confidence in the conclusion in your argument, the premises should be acceptable on their own merits or follow from other statements that are known to be true. [Q] Any logical forms for v ...
Equivalence of the information structure with unawareness to the
... believe that agent j implicitly believes that p is false’. For any formula φ, denote the set of primitive propositions found in φ by Prim(φ). Certain formulas of the logic, called theorems, are later used to connect the propositional and set-based models. Any formula valid in the Kripke structure (t ...
... believe that agent j implicitly believes that p is false’. For any formula φ, denote the set of primitive propositions found in φ by Prim(φ). Certain formulas of the logic, called theorems, are later used to connect the propositional and set-based models. Any formula valid in the Kripke structure (t ...
Strand
... The specific content outlined in the Core Knowledge Sequence constitutes a solid foundation of knowledge in each subject area. This knowledge greatly helps students with their reading, as shown by the fact that reading scores go up in Core Knowledge Schools, because wide knowledge enhances students’ ...
... The specific content outlined in the Core Knowledge Sequence constitutes a solid foundation of knowledge in each subject area. This knowledge greatly helps students with their reading, as shown by the fact that reading scores go up in Core Knowledge Schools, because wide knowledge enhances students’ ...
Introduction to first order logic for knowledge representation
... In describing a phenomena or a portion of the world, we adopt a language. The phrases of this language are used to describe objects of the real worlds, their properties, and facts that holds. This language can be informal (natural language, graphical language, icons, etc...) or a formal (logical lan ...
... In describing a phenomena or a portion of the world, we adopt a language. The phrases of this language are used to describe objects of the real worlds, their properties, and facts that holds. This language can be informal (natural language, graphical language, icons, etc...) or a formal (logical lan ...
Propositional and predicate logic - Computing Science
... [Q] How to formalize/validate our arguments? Argument = premises (propositions or statements) + conclusion To have confidence in the conclusion in your argument, the premises should be acceptable on their own merits or follow from other statements that are known to be true. [Q] Any logical forms for ...
... [Q] How to formalize/validate our arguments? Argument = premises (propositions or statements) + conclusion To have confidence in the conclusion in your argument, the premises should be acceptable on their own merits or follow from other statements that are known to be true. [Q] Any logical forms for ...
Syllogisms
... Logic/A Brief Introduction The Categorical Syllogism The following is a very brief introduction to intentional logic. Out of all that is treated in logic (both intentional and symbolic), I have decided to focus simply on the categorical syllogism. Terms: Logic: the study of how to reason well. Reaso ...
... Logic/A Brief Introduction The Categorical Syllogism The following is a very brief introduction to intentional logic. Out of all that is treated in logic (both intentional and symbolic), I have decided to focus simply on the categorical syllogism. Terms: Logic: the study of how to reason well. Reaso ...
Knowledge Representation: Logic
... A structural implementation of the map would be done by creating a graph of streets etc. Adding a new component to the map requires some modifications to be introduced to the data structure, so the code must be rewritten. The elements of the map could be associated with object classes divided into p ...
... A structural implementation of the map would be done by creating a graph of streets etc. Adding a new component to the map requires some modifications to be introduced to the data structure, so the code must be rewritten. The elements of the map could be associated with object classes divided into p ...
a,b,c
... see the faces of the others, but doesn’t see his/her own face. The father publicly announces: “One of you is dirty”. Then the father does another paradoxical thing: starts repeating over and over the same question “Do you know if you are dirty or not, and if so, which of the two?” ...
... see the faces of the others, but doesn’t see his/her own face. The father publicly announces: “One of you is dirty”. Then the father does another paradoxical thing: starts repeating over and over the same question “Do you know if you are dirty or not, and if so, which of the two?” ...