A Logic for Perception and Belief Department of Computer Science
... as an “all I perceive” operator. If all I perceive is T = 10, then I can legitimately conclude -P-(T = S), as suggested in the example; but if I also perceive T = 11, the conclusion would no longer follow. Thus, the required semantics would be non-monotonic. 17 Many variations of this example are po ...
... as an “all I perceive” operator. If all I perceive is T = 10, then I can legitimately conclude -P-(T = S), as suggested in the example; but if I also perceive T = 11, the conclusion would no longer follow. Thus, the required semantics would be non-monotonic. 17 Many variations of this example are po ...
Belief closure: A semantics of common knowledge for
... 2. Syntactical definitions and facts The formal language and axiom systems discussed in this paper derive their special features from the fact that there are belief (knowledge) operators B a, one for each individual or 'agent' a, and, even more importantly, a specific operator C to render 'it is com ...
... 2. Syntactical definitions and facts The formal language and axiom systems discussed in this paper derive their special features from the fact that there are belief (knowledge) operators B a, one for each individual or 'agent' a, and, even more importantly, a specific operator C to render 'it is com ...
Robot Morality and Review of classical logic.
... only if p is false; otherwise, it is false. • So logically speaking negation has the effect of switching the truth-value of any sentence in which it occurs. ...
... only if p is false; otherwise, it is false. • So logically speaking negation has the effect of switching the truth-value of any sentence in which it occurs. ...
A Nonstandard Approach to the. Logical Omniscience Problem
... consider a knowledge base into which users enter data from time to time. As Belnap points out [Be177], it is almost certainly the case that in a large knowledge base, there will be some inconsistencies. One can imagine that at some point a user entered the fact that Bob's salary is $50,000, while at ...
... consider a knowledge base into which users enter data from time to time. As Belnap points out [Be177], it is almost certainly the case that in a large knowledge base, there will be some inconsistencies. One can imagine that at some point a user entered the fact that Bob's salary is $50,000, while at ...
cs-171-15-FOL-Inference
... Last unification fails: only because x can’t take values John and OJ at the same time ...
... Last unification fails: only because x can’t take values John and OJ at the same time ...
Section 2.4: Arguments with Quantified Statements
... tell us whether something in Q is in D (indeed it would be wrong to assume so). In a similar theme, if we have an expression such as ∀x, x ∈ D →∼ Q(x), we would draw two circles representing the domain of D and all the things for which Q is true, and in this case, the two circles would be drawn apar ...
... tell us whether something in Q is in D (indeed it would be wrong to assume so). In a similar theme, if we have an expression such as ∀x, x ∈ D →∼ Q(x), we would draw two circles representing the domain of D and all the things for which Q is true, and in this case, the two circles would be drawn apar ...
Essential Maths Skills
... (If there is no number in front of the letter, it must be assumed to be 1.) ab2 means 1ab2 = 1 x a x b x b If there is no SIGN in front of the letter this is assumed to be positive. ...
... (If there is no number in front of the letter, it must be assumed to be 1.) ab2 means 1ab2 = 1 x a x b x b If there is no SIGN in front of the letter this is assumed to be positive. ...
Rules of inference
... is valid. By showing that whenever the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true. If an argument form involves 10 different propositional variables, to use truth table, 210=1024 rows are needed. This is a tedious (long and boring) approach. ...
... is valid. By showing that whenever the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true. If an argument form involves 10 different propositional variables, to use truth table, 210=1024 rows are needed. This is a tedious (long and boring) approach. ...
9. “… if and only if …”
... Human Understanding, Hume lays out his principles for knowledge, and then advices us to clean up our libraries: When we run over libraries, persuaded of these principles, what havoc must we make? If we take in our hand any volume of divinity or school metaphysics, for instance, let us ask, Does it c ...
... Human Understanding, Hume lays out his principles for knowledge, and then advices us to clean up our libraries: When we run over libraries, persuaded of these principles, what havoc must we make? If we take in our hand any volume of divinity or school metaphysics, for instance, let us ask, Does it c ...
Predicate logic. Formal and informal proofs
... …. But it may still follow (be derived) from known facts about the world To show the truth value of such a statement following from other statements we need to provide a correct supporting argument - a proof Important questions: – When is the argument correct? – How to construct a correct argument, ...
... …. But it may still follow (be derived) from known facts about the world To show the truth value of such a statement following from other statements we need to provide a correct supporting argument - a proof Important questions: – When is the argument correct? – How to construct a correct argument, ...
a. p
... Sound Arguments A sound argument has to be a valid argument and all premises true Valid but not sound If you are a basketball player, then you are tall (6’ or higher). Chris Paul is a basketball player Therefore, Chris Paul is taller than 6’. We always want to present sound arguments ...
... Sound Arguments A sound argument has to be a valid argument and all premises true Valid but not sound If you are a basketball player, then you are tall (6’ or higher). Chris Paul is a basketball player Therefore, Chris Paul is taller than 6’. We always want to present sound arguments ...
Propositional/First
... • Logic is a great knowledge representation language for many AI problems • Propositional logic is the simple foundation and fine for some AI problems • First order logic (FOL) is much more expressive as a KR language and more commonly used in AI • There are many variations: horn logic, higher order ...
... • Logic is a great knowledge representation language for many AI problems • Propositional logic is the simple foundation and fine for some AI problems • First order logic (FOL) is much more expressive as a KR language and more commonly used in AI • There are many variations: horn logic, higher order ...
PREPOSITIONAL LOGIS
... • Logic is a great knowledge representation language for many AI problems • Propositional logic is the simple foundation and fine for some AI problems • First order logic (FOL) is much more expressive as a KR language and more commonly used in AI • There are many variations: horn logic, higher order ...
... • Logic is a great knowledge representation language for many AI problems • Propositional logic is the simple foundation and fine for some AI problems • First order logic (FOL) is much more expressive as a KR language and more commonly used in AI • There are many variations: horn logic, higher order ...
The Foundations: Logic and Proofs
... Let p be “I will study discrete math.” Let r be “I will study English literature.” Let q be “I will study databases.” “I will not study discrete math or I will study English literature.” “I will study discrete math or I will study databases.” “Therefore, I will study databases or I will English lite ...
... Let p be “I will study discrete math.” Let r be “I will study English literature.” Let q be “I will study databases.” “I will not study discrete math or I will study English literature.” “I will study discrete math or I will study databases.” “Therefore, I will study databases or I will English lite ...
Logical Argument
... E comes before F in the alphabet system B and D comes before E Thus BD comes before F A man will die after a headshot A man just got shot in the head Therefore that man will die. All birds have wings. A cardinal is a bird. Therefore a cardinal has wings. ...
... E comes before F in the alphabet system B and D comes before E Thus BD comes before F A man will die after a headshot A man just got shot in the head Therefore that man will die. All birds have wings. A cardinal is a bird. Therefore a cardinal has wings. ...
Predicate Logic
... • X P(X) means that P(X) must be true for at least one object X in the domain of interest. • So if we have a domain of interest consisting of just two people, john and mary, and we know that tall(mary) and tall(john) are true, we can say that X tall(X) is true. ...
... • X P(X) means that P(X) must be true for at least one object X in the domain of interest. • So if we have a domain of interest consisting of just two people, john and mary, and we know that tall(mary) and tall(john) are true, we can say that X tall(X) is true. ...
ppt - Duke Computer Science
... – If your roommate is wet, it is because of rain, sprinklers, or both – If your roommate is wet because of sprinklers, the sprinklers must be on – If your roommate is wet because of rain, your roommate must not be carrying the umbrella ...
... – If your roommate is wet, it is because of rain, sprinklers, or both – If your roommate is wet because of sprinklers, the sprinklers must be on – If your roommate is wet because of rain, your roommate must not be carrying the umbrella ...
Lecture - 04 (Logic Knowledge Base)
... called premises and another proposition called the conclusion. • Proof is intended to show deductively that an argument is sound (or valid). – An argument is sound iff it cannot be the case that its premises are true and its conclusion is false. ...
... called premises and another proposition called the conclusion. • Proof is intended to show deductively that an argument is sound (or valid). – An argument is sound iff it cannot be the case that its premises are true and its conclusion is false. ...
ppt
... Simple recursive process evaluates an arbitrary sentence, e.g., P1,2 (P2,2 P3,1) = true (true false) = true true = true ...
... Simple recursive process evaluates an arbitrary sentence, e.g., P1,2 (P2,2 P3,1) = true (true false) = true true = true ...
True
... Simple recursive process evaluates an arbitrary sentence, e.g., ¬P1,2 ∧ (P2,2 ∨ P3,1) = true ∧ (true ∨ false) = true ∧ true = true ...
... Simple recursive process evaluates an arbitrary sentence, e.g., ¬P1,2 ∧ (P2,2 ∨ P3,1) = true ∧ (true ∨ false) = true ∧ true = true ...
Grade 5 PBA/MYA
... Task Characteristics,” subsection 4, “Integrative tasks with machine scoring of responses entered by computer interface,” subsection “Illustration at the cluster level.” i) Tasks do not explicitly assess fluency. ii) The given factors are such as to require an efficient/standard algorithm (e.g., 726 ...
... Task Characteristics,” subsection 4, “Integrative tasks with machine scoring of responses entered by computer interface,” subsection “Illustration at the cluster level.” i) Tasks do not explicitly assess fluency. ii) The given factors are such as to require an efficient/standard algorithm (e.g., 726 ...
Variations on a Montagovian Theme
... to check, for any given numbers, whether they stand in this relation to one another or not. R is recursively enumerable if there is an algorithm for listing all and only the numbers that stand in the relation to one another. R is weakly representable in a theory T if there is a formula A(x1 , . . . ...
... to check, for any given numbers, whether they stand in this relation to one another or not. R is recursively enumerable if there is an algorithm for listing all and only the numbers that stand in the relation to one another. R is weakly representable in a theory T if there is a formula A(x1 , . . . ...