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Exclusive and Inclusive Islam in the Qur`an: Implications
Exclusive and Inclusive Islam in the Qur`an: Implications

... Muslim religious violence and Islam’s intolerance of the other. These voices have been heard from the pulpits of certain churches and synagogues and in the writings of some media columnists. Islam’s intolerance of the other is often explained as largely emanating from its strict exclusivist religiou ...
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... it was around 610 AD in a cave near the city of Mecca (now in southwest Saudi Arabia) that Muhammad received the first revelation from Allah by way of the Archangel Gabriel. The revelation merely commanded Muhammad to “recite” or “read” (Sura 96); the words he was instructed to utter were not his o ...
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The Nature and Triumph of Islam - usu.edu
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Historicity of Muhammad



Muslim religious scholars rely primarily for their understanding of the life of Muhammad on the Qur'an, which gives very little information and whose historicity has been questioned, and on the sīra literature and Hadith which survive in the historical works of writers of second, third, and fourth centuries of the Muslim era (c. 700−1000 AD). Modern historians have preferred to use as a starting-point a relatively small number of contemporaneous or near-contemporaneous non-Muslim sources and archaeological evidence, but also make use of later Muslim sources in their investigations.
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