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(a) Define span of management. (4 marks)
(a) Define span of management. (4 marks)

... decisions that will affect the management as follows:  Planning decisions a) Product: The production manager is concerned with the design, quality, quantity, reliability, selection, forecast, selling price and delivery of the product to the target market and will take decisions and activities such ...
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... In the United States, employers do provide considerable resources for employee training, estimated by the American Society for Training and Development at $7 billion in 1983 .8 However, in contrast to the West German and Japanese systems, the bulk of the training effort has focused on management and ...
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Vitality curve

A vitality curve is a leadership construct whereby a workforce is graded in accordance with the individual productivity of its members. It is also known as forced ranking, forced distribution, rank and yank, quota-based differentiation, and stack ranking.For example, there is an often cited ""80-20 rule"" — also known as the ""Pareto principle"" or the ""Law of the Vital Few"" — whereby 80% of crimes are committed by 20% of criminals, or 80% of useful research results are produced by 20% of the academics, and so forth. In some cases such ""80-20"" tendencies do emerge, and a Pareto distribution curve is a fuller representation.According to a 2013 survey by WorldatWork, the method is used by about 12% of US corporations. According to The Corporate Executive Board Company, it is used by 29% of companies. According to Dick Grote, a consultant who specializes on the topic, 60% of the Fortune 500 companies used some form of ranking in 2012.
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