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AP Biology Ch. 9 Fermentation and Quiz Ppt
... down to form lactate (lactic acid). This is the substance that makes muscles burn during intense exercise. Humans can break down the lactic acid further to produce a little more ATP when O2 is scarce. ...
... down to form lactate (lactic acid). This is the substance that makes muscles burn during intense exercise. Humans can break down the lactic acid further to produce a little more ATP when O2 is scarce. ...
Endothermic reactions
... build are reduced to rubble and a large cloud of dust. A dynamite explosion, as shown in Figure 16, is an example of a rapid chemical reaction. All chemical reactions release or absorb energy. This energy can take many forms, such as heat, light, sound, or electricity. The heat produced by a wood fi ...
... build are reduced to rubble and a large cloud of dust. A dynamite explosion, as shown in Figure 16, is an example of a rapid chemical reaction. All chemical reactions release or absorb energy. This energy can take many forms, such as heat, light, sound, or electricity. The heat produced by a wood fi ...
Chapter_9_ppt_FINAL_FINAL_AP_BIO
... ATP Synthase: The machine that keeps on turnin’........ • http://vcell.ndsu.edu/animations/atpgradien t/index.htm ...
... ATP Synthase: The machine that keeps on turnin’........ • http://vcell.ndsu.edu/animations/atpgradien t/index.htm ...
Mechanochemistry: the varied applications of mechanical bond
... energy is used to initiate decomposition reactions to mostly highly energetic species that induce follow-up reactions of various kinds. Particular mechanical conditions are required if strong bonds of molecules are to be mechanically broken. Shearing under Bridgman’s anvil, or shearing of low molecu ...
... energy is used to initiate decomposition reactions to mostly highly energetic species that induce follow-up reactions of various kinds. Particular mechanical conditions are required if strong bonds of molecules are to be mechanically broken. Shearing under Bridgman’s anvil, or shearing of low molecu ...
micro notes chpt. 8
... enzyme to its original configuration after release of product(s) so that it is able to bind more substrate. An apoenzyme is an enzyme that requires a cofactor or coenzyme to achieve the proper substrate binding conformation or to undergo catalytic changes in conformation. b. Figures 8.5 and 8.6 show ...
... enzyme to its original configuration after release of product(s) so that it is able to bind more substrate. An apoenzyme is an enzyme that requires a cofactor or coenzyme to achieve the proper substrate binding conformation or to undergo catalytic changes in conformation. b. Figures 8.5 and 8.6 show ...
Syllabus of the International Chemistry Olympiad
... 1.3 Trends in physical properties (main groups) ...
... 1.3 Trends in physical properties (main groups) ...
Guided reading Ch 9- ENERGY IN A CELL
... a. As sunlight strikes chlorophyll molecules in the photosystem 2 the energy from the light is transferred to ________________ from chlorophyll that are stripped and passed onto an _____________ ___________ chain, a series of proteins embedded in the ______________ membrane of the chloroplast. As el ...
... a. As sunlight strikes chlorophyll molecules in the photosystem 2 the energy from the light is transferred to ________________ from chlorophyll that are stripped and passed onto an _____________ ___________ chain, a series of proteins embedded in the ______________ membrane of the chloroplast. As el ...
Note 4.2 - Aerobic Respiration
... Aerobic Respiration (cellular respiration) is the beak down of glucose in the presence of oxygen to release free energy to create ATP, primary energy source of the cell. Aerobic respiration is made up of four energy releasing pathways; glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, critic acid cycle (Krebs cycle), ...
... Aerobic Respiration (cellular respiration) is the beak down of glucose in the presence of oxygen to release free energy to create ATP, primary energy source of the cell. Aerobic respiration is made up of four energy releasing pathways; glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, critic acid cycle (Krebs cycle), ...
Be and look healthy from the inside out
... (maximum oxygen uptake) can generate 12 times the level of free radicals in cells than when the athlete is at rest or sleeping? Lactic acid ...
... (maximum oxygen uptake) can generate 12 times the level of free radicals in cells than when the athlete is at rest or sleeping? Lactic acid ...
Fatty Acid oxidation
... Slightly more complicated Requires additional enzymes Oxidation of unsaturated FAs produce less energy than that of saturated FAs (because they are less highly reduced, therefore, fewer reducing equivalents can be produced from these structures) ...
... Slightly more complicated Requires additional enzymes Oxidation of unsaturated FAs produce less energy than that of saturated FAs (because they are less highly reduced, therefore, fewer reducing equivalents can be produced from these structures) ...
Metabolic Pathways - University of California, Santa Barbara
... molecule of NADH produces ___________ molecules of ATP and 1 molecule of FADH2 produces ____________ molecules of ATP. Therefore for each molecule of acetyl CoA that enters the citric acid cycle ____________ molecules of ATP are produced. For every 1 molecule of glucose that is catabolized _________ ...
... molecule of NADH produces ___________ molecules of ATP and 1 molecule of FADH2 produces ____________ molecules of ATP. Therefore for each molecule of acetyl CoA that enters the citric acid cycle ____________ molecules of ATP are produced. For every 1 molecule of glucose that is catabolized _________ ...
1 Atoms and Molecules
... at 37 C. This drop of permittivity with temperature means that the electrostatic interactions become stronger as the temperature rises, which may partly explain why cells are so sensitive to temperature. Because ionic bonds are so short, their energies in water drop from their vacuum values by a fac ...
... at 37 C. This drop of permittivity with temperature means that the electrostatic interactions become stronger as the temperature rises, which may partly explain why cells are so sensitive to temperature. Because ionic bonds are so short, their energies in water drop from their vacuum values by a fac ...
Chapter 8- An Introduction to Microbial Metabolism
... organisms are obligate anaerobes (bacteria living deep underground) and do not need oxygen to survive, and some organisms (mostly bacteria) are facultative anaerobes – they can live with or without oxygen (although they grow faster in oxygen). All organisms carry out catabolic reactions in which org ...
... organisms are obligate anaerobes (bacteria living deep underground) and do not need oxygen to survive, and some organisms (mostly bacteria) are facultative anaerobes – they can live with or without oxygen (although they grow faster in oxygen). All organisms carry out catabolic reactions in which org ...
Oxygen - CriticalCareMedicine
... activation of NO is one of the key mechanism responsible for shunting. Inhomogeneous expression of iNOS interferes with regional blood flow and promotes shunting from vulnerable microcirculatory units. Inhomogeneous expression of endothelial adhesion molecules also contribute through their effec ...
... activation of NO is one of the key mechanism responsible for shunting. Inhomogeneous expression of iNOS interferes with regional blood flow and promotes shunting from vulnerable microcirculatory units. Inhomogeneous expression of endothelial adhesion molecules also contribute through their effec ...
Fatty Acids - National Lipid Association
... to two hydrogen atoms, except those at the ends of the chain, which bear three hydrogen atoms. The chain can be unsaturated meaning a carbon structure contains double or occasionally triple bonds. Many vegetable oils contain fatty acids with one (monounsaturated) or more (polyunsaturated) double bon ...
... to two hydrogen atoms, except those at the ends of the chain, which bear three hydrogen atoms. The chain can be unsaturated meaning a carbon structure contains double or occasionally triple bonds. Many vegetable oils contain fatty acids with one (monounsaturated) or more (polyunsaturated) double bon ...
Metabolism - University of Lethbridge
... Note: some enzymes do alter the chemical mechanism of reactions so there is a limit to what can be learned from non-enzymatic model reactions ...
... Note: some enzymes do alter the chemical mechanism of reactions so there is a limit to what can be learned from non-enzymatic model reactions ...
Fatty Acid Oxidation and Ketone Bodies
... Fed state: Malonyl-CoA formed in the fed state is a potent inhibitor of CPT-1. Under these conditions, free fatty acids enter the liver cell in low concentrations and are nearly all esterified to acylglycerols and transported out as VLDL. Starvation: Free fatty acid concentration increases with sta ...
... Fed state: Malonyl-CoA formed in the fed state is a potent inhibitor of CPT-1. Under these conditions, free fatty acids enter the liver cell in low concentrations and are nearly all esterified to acylglycerols and transported out as VLDL. Starvation: Free fatty acid concentration increases with sta ...
ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration Powerpoint
... mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to the Krebs cycle. However, if oxygen is not present, fermentation of the pyruvate molecule will occur. In the presence of oxygen, when acetyl-CoA is produced, the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) ...
... mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to the Krebs cycle. However, if oxygen is not present, fermentation of the pyruvate molecule will occur. In the presence of oxygen, when acetyl-CoA is produced, the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) ...
Problem 14. MAGNESIUM DETERMINATION
... In chemical reactions molecular structure changes over time so that the electronic state of a molecule is a function of time. In some cases structure of a molecule can be presented by a superposition of the initial and final states with time-dependent coefficients. Let’s assume that a molecule oscil ...
... In chemical reactions molecular structure changes over time so that the electronic state of a molecule is a function of time. In some cases structure of a molecule can be presented by a superposition of the initial and final states with time-dependent coefficients. Let’s assume that a molecule oscil ...
ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration Powerpoint
... Anaerobic respiration is respiration without oxygen; the process uses a respiratory electron transport Definition Aerobic respiration uses oxygen chain but does not use oxygen as the electron acceptors ...
... Anaerobic respiration is respiration without oxygen; the process uses a respiratory electron transport Definition Aerobic respiration uses oxygen chain but does not use oxygen as the electron acceptors ...
Bonding Notes
... transfer of electron(s) between two atoms. The reason for a transfer of electrons in an ionic bond is that there is a large difference in electronegativity between the metal atom and the nonmetal atom. The nonmetal atom because of its larger electronegativity plucks the electron(s) from the lower el ...
... transfer of electron(s) between two atoms. The reason for a transfer of electrons in an ionic bond is that there is a large difference in electronegativity between the metal atom and the nonmetal atom. The nonmetal atom because of its larger electronegativity plucks the electron(s) from the lower el ...
Types of Chemical Reactions
... 5. What is the net ionic equation for the reaction between aqueous calcium hydroxide and nitric acid? The products of this reaction are aqueous calcium nitrate and water. How does this net ionic equation compare to the net ionic equation shown at the top of this page? Hint: you may want to begin wit ...
... 5. What is the net ionic equation for the reaction between aqueous calcium hydroxide and nitric acid? The products of this reaction are aqueous calcium nitrate and water. How does this net ionic equation compare to the net ionic equation shown at the top of this page? Hint: you may want to begin wit ...
Radical (chemistry)
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Hydroxyl_radical.png?width=300)
In chemistry, a radical (more precisely, a free radical) is an atom, molecule, or ion that has unpaired valency electrons.With some exceptions, these unpaired electrons make free radicals highly chemically reactive towards other substances, or even towards themselves: their molecules will often spontaneously dimerize or polymerize if they come in contact with each other. Most radicals are reasonably stable only at very low concentrations in inert media or in a vacuum.A notable example of a free radical is the hydroxyl radical (HO•), a molecule that has one unpaired electron on the oxygen atom. Two other examples are triplet oxygen and triplet carbene (:CH2) which have two unpaired electrons. In contrast, the hydroxyl anion (HO−) is not a radical, since the unpaired electron is resolved by the addition of an electron; singlet oxygen and singlet carbene are not radicals as the two electrons are paired.Free radicals may be created in a number of ways, including synthesis with very dilute or rarefied reagents, reactions at very low temperatures, or breakup of larger molecules. The latter can be affected by any process that puts enough energy into the parent molecule, such as ionizing radiation, heat, electrical discharges, electrolysis, and chemical reactions. Indeed, radicals are intermediate stages in many chemical reactions.Free radicals play an important role in combustion, atmospheric chemistry, polymerization, plasma chemistry, biochemistry, and many other chemical processes. In living organisms, the free radicals superoxide and nitric oxide and their reaction products regulate many processes, such as control of vascular tone and thus blood pressure. They also play a key role in the intermediary metabolism of various biological compounds. Such radicals can even be messengers in a process dubbed redox signaling. A radical may be trapped within a solvent cage or be otherwise bound.Until late in the 20th century the word ""radical"" was used in chemistry to indicate any connected group of atoms, such as a methyl group or a carboxyl, whether it was part of a larger molecule or a molecule on its own. The qualifier ""free"" was then needed to specify the unbound case. Following recent nomenclature revisions, a part of a larger molecule is now called a functional group or substituent, and ""radical"" now implies ""free"". However, the old nomenclature may still occur in the literature.