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9.1 Electron Transfer Reactions
9.1 Electron Transfer Reactions

... number used to keep track of electrons in oxidation-reduction reactions according to certain rules • An atom’s oxidation number is the positive or negative charge on the atom if the electron pairs in a covalent bond belong only to the more electronegative atom ...
Supplementary method
Supplementary method

... and 500mM NaCl). While conducting the assay, a no-peptide control is also included to account for any ATPase activity or auto-phosphorylation exhibited by the protein. The amount of protein used was optimized such that the kinase reaction was at least 25 times slower than the coupled PK/LDH reaction ...
ENZYMES (Basic Concepts and Kinetics) (Chapter 8)
ENZYMES (Basic Concepts and Kinetics) (Chapter 8)

... reached and therefore Vmax and hence KM values calculated from this graph are somewhat approximate. ...
Protein Molecules in Solution
Protein Molecules in Solution

... Interactions of Protein Molecules with Solvent In any discussion of the behavior of proteins in solution, i.e., of the interactions of these macromolecules with their environment, we recognize that the surfaces shown in figure 5 cannot actually be as smooth as the drawings might imply. If the figure ...
February 13, 2008
February 13, 2008

... A. At equilibrium, the total concentration of products equals the total concentration of reactants B. Equilibrium is the result of the cessation of all chemical change. C. There is only one set of equilibrium concentrations that equals the Kc value. D. The rate constant of the forward reaction is eq ...
Role of mathematics in chemistry
Role of mathematics in chemistry

... structural biology and bioinformatics. Control of spatiotemporal patterns via nonlinear systems equations, theoretical electrochemistry on random and ultrametric surfaces, behaviour of solvated species in critical and sub-critical conditions are also some of the important quantitative developments w ...
Biopathways Representation and Simulation on Hybrid Functional
Biopathways Representation and Simulation on Hybrid Functional

... most traditional approach is to employ ordinary differential equations (ODEs) such as Michaelis-Menten equations and to represent biochemical reactions as a systems of ODEs. Especially, the metabolic control analysis has been well established for many years on the ODE modeling [12, 13] as well as the ...
Aerobic Metabolism: The Citric Acid Cycle
Aerobic Metabolism: The Citric Acid Cycle

... In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is part of a metabolic pathway involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water to generate a form of usable energy. The citric acid cycle also provides precursors for many compounds such as certain amin ...
Pyruvate Metabolism
Pyruvate Metabolism

...  The first step in the oxidation of pyruvate is an oxidative ...
Aerobic Metabolism: The Citric Acid Cycle
Aerobic Metabolism: The Citric Acid Cycle

... In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is part of a metabolic pathway involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water to generate a form of usable energy. The citric acid cycle also provides precursors for many compounds such as certain amin ...
Simple kinetics of enzyme action
Simple kinetics of enzyme action

... specificity of a fixed amount of the enzyme for its substrate (more precisely defined in terms of kcat/K m). The substrate concentration, which gives a rate of half the maximum reaction velocity, is equal to the K m. ...
Enzymes
Enzymes

... • Transition state : At the top of the energy hill is a point at which decay to the S or P state can occur.It is an unstable activated state in which new bonds are formed and old bonds are broken i.e. activated state of the substrate. • *[The rate of reaction S →P depends on the number of molecules ...
Chem 12 UNIT TWO CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM 7.1 REVERSIBLE
Chem 12 UNIT TWO CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM 7.1 REVERSIBLE

... value for entropy means very random. If entropy increases during a chemical reaction, it means the system is becoming more random or disordered. These two variables are related in the Gibb's free energy equation which says: ΔGo = ΔH - TΔSo o indicates standard state conditions. where ΔG is a measure ...
visualization, comparison and analysis of 2D maps of protein structure
visualization, comparison and analysis of 2D maps of protein structure

... (e.g. structures solved experimentally under different conditions, theoretical models calculated with different programs), ensembles of structures (e.g. from NMR or de novo folding) and trajectories (e.g. from molecular dynamics simulations). The user can specify the definition of the contact: the t ...
Stoichiometry intro
Stoichiometry intro

... Using the Mole Ratio  Remember that the coefficients from a balanced reaction represent the ratio of the moles of substances that react and form during a chemical reaction. These numbers are fixed - they do not change  We can use these ratios to predict the amounts of substances that react and fo ...
Chapter 12 Enzymes: The Protein Catalyst
Chapter 12 Enzymes: The Protein Catalyst

... enzyme and stops enzymatic activity • A. Heat- An increase in temperature up to a point increases enzymatic reaction rates but eventually too much heat will cause the enzyme reactions to cease • Blanching- briefly purging food in boiling water to stop enzyme activity; ex. Frozen vegetables ...
A-PC3267 Lect 9 2007 - NUS Physics Department
A-PC3267 Lect 9 2007 - NUS Physics Department

... tiny. Membranes resist dissolving even in environments with extremely low phospholipid concentration. ...
Enzymology
Enzymology

... enzyme substrate complex into the transition state. In general, the more tightly the active site can bind the substrate while it is in the transition state, the greater the rate of the reaction Proximity alone can only account for a five fold increase in activity Without the proper orientation, litt ...
Document
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... We use chemical equations as a way to represent reactions Substances that start the reaction are called reactants Substances that are formed are called the products Reactant 1 + Reactant 2  Product 1 + Product 2 (the number of reactants and products will vary) ...
Final b
Final b

... 9. (10 pts) Draw the reactions for activation of a monomer and its use in glycogen synthesis. Explain the seemingly unusual feature of the thermodynamics associated with this reaction. ...
Enzymes ppt
Enzymes ppt

... Some chemical reactions would be too slow or have too high of an activation energy without a little help Catalyst: a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction Works by lowering the activation energy Cells make special proteins called enzymes to act as catalysts for chemical reactions One typ ...
Energetics and kinetics of protein folding Comparison to other self
Energetics and kinetics of protein folding Comparison to other self

... A detailed understanding of protein folding remains illusive because we still lack experimental information on many of the states along the folding trajectory The transition state of a two-state folder tends to be very ...
Balanced Chemical Equation
Balanced Chemical Equation

... • Classify and identify chemical reactions • Write ionic equations for reactions that occur in water ...
Chapter 8 - Plant Biology
Chapter 8 - Plant Biology

... darkening of an apple fruit after it has been cut or bitten results from the action of the enzyme polyphenol oxidase on chemicals released from the cells. The softening of a tomato fruit as it ripens is caused by the action of several enzymes on the polysaccharides of the cell walls, including cellu ...
Problem Set 2
Problem Set 2

... a) The oxidation step: ----------------------------------------------------b) The reduction step: ------------------------------------------------------c) The oxidizing agent: ------------------------------------------------------d) The reducing agent: ----------------------------------------------- ...
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Multi-state modeling of biomolecules

Multi-state modeling of biomolecules refers to a series of techniques used to represent and compute the behaviour of biological molecules or complexes that can adopt a large number of possible functional states.Biological signaling systems often rely on complexes of biological macromolecules that can undergo several functionally significant modifications that are mutually compatible. Thus, they can exist in a very large number of functionally different states. Modeling such multi-state systems poses two problems: The problem of how to describe and specify a multi-state system (the ""specification problem"") and the problem of how to use a computer to simulate the progress of the system over time (the ""computation problem""). To address the specification problem, modelers have in recent years moved away from explicit specification of all possible states, and towards rule-based formalisms that allow for implicit model specification, including the κ-calculus, BioNetGen, the Allosteric Network Compiler and others. To tackle the computation problem, they have turned to particle-based methods that have in many cases proved more computationally efficient than population-based methods based on ordinary differential equations, partial differential equations, or the Gillespie stochastic simulation algorithm. Given current computing technology, particle-based methods are sometimes the only possible option. Particle-based simulators further fall into two categories: Non-spatial simulators such as StochSim, DYNSTOC, RuleMonkey, and NFSim and spatial simulators, including Meredys, SRSim and MCell. Modelers can thus choose from a variety of tools; the best choice depending on the particular problem. Development of faster and more powerful methods is ongoing, promising the ability to simulate ever more complex signaling processes in the future.
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