The pivotal roles of mitochondria in cancer: Warburg and beyond
... may synthesize (under normoxia) approximately 32 ATP molecules per glucose molecule, a highly glycolytic tumor may produce an additional three fourths of this ATP via glycolysis (2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule). Studies by numerous laboratories to date indicate that this extra glucose intake i ...
... may synthesize (under normoxia) approximately 32 ATP molecules per glucose molecule, a highly glycolytic tumor may produce an additional three fourths of this ATP via glycolysis (2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule). Studies by numerous laboratories to date indicate that this extra glucose intake i ...
Crossing borders between biology and data analysis - UvA-DARE
... protein interaction networks [3], or the energy/redox metabolite pools [4]. As functional modules relate to biological function, their behavior and regulation can provide information on the physiological state of an organism and thus reflect its response to environmental conditions. To grow and to m ...
... protein interaction networks [3], or the energy/redox metabolite pools [4]. As functional modules relate to biological function, their behavior and regulation can provide information on the physiological state of an organism and thus reflect its response to environmental conditions. To grow and to m ...
Citrate Cycle Supplemental Reading Key Concepts
... provide redox energy that can be harnessed for ATP synthesis. The primary role of the citrate cycle is to strip 4 electron pairs (8 e-) from the acetate group of acetyl-CoA and transfer them to 3 NAD+ and 1 FAD molecules to form 3 NADH and 1 FADH2, respectively. Reoxidation of NADH and FADH2 by the ...
... provide redox energy that can be harnessed for ATP synthesis. The primary role of the citrate cycle is to strip 4 electron pairs (8 e-) from the acetate group of acetyl-CoA and transfer them to 3 NAD+ and 1 FAD molecules to form 3 NADH and 1 FADH2, respectively. Reoxidation of NADH and FADH2 by the ...
medical chemistry and biochemistry
... 5. Identify anaplerotic reaction of the cycle. L27 Gluconeogenesis 1. Describe the overall purpose of gluconeogenesis, its reactants and products, its cellular localization, and its tissue distribution. 2. Differentiate the enzymes involved in glycolysis vs gluconeogenesis. 3. Explain the contribut ...
... 5. Identify anaplerotic reaction of the cycle. L27 Gluconeogenesis 1. Describe the overall purpose of gluconeogenesis, its reactants and products, its cellular localization, and its tissue distribution. 2. Differentiate the enzymes involved in glycolysis vs gluconeogenesis. 3. Explain the contribut ...
Obesity and the regulation of fat metabolism
... endocrine organ (Rondinone, 2006; Trayhurn and Bing, 2006). This was principally based on the discovery of leptin, a cytokine-like hormone secreted from white adipose tissue in proportion to fat mass (Friedman and Halaas, 1998). Activation of hypothalamic leptin receptors suppresses food intake and ...
... endocrine organ (Rondinone, 2006; Trayhurn and Bing, 2006). This was principally based on the discovery of leptin, a cytokine-like hormone secreted from white adipose tissue in proportion to fat mass (Friedman and Halaas, 1998). Activation of hypothalamic leptin receptors suppresses food intake and ...
Amino Acid Metabolism
... • Protein degradation by the protozomal complex releases oligopeptides that are degraded into individual amino acids. • The urea cycle uses protons and electrons from ammonium ions and the amino acid aspartate to generate urea, which is excreted to maintain daily nitrogen balance. ...
... • Protein degradation by the protozomal complex releases oligopeptides that are degraded into individual amino acids. • The urea cycle uses protons and electrons from ammonium ions and the amino acid aspartate to generate urea, which is excreted to maintain daily nitrogen balance. ...
Importance of pH Homeostasis in Metabolic Health and Diseases
... exercise [37, 38]. Healthy subjects feel severe chest pain and muscle cramping after strenuous exercise, along with a defect in lactate efflux from muscle. Furthermore, many amino acid differences that are not attributable to polymorphisms are found in MCT1 obtained from muscle tissues in these subj ...
... exercise [37, 38]. Healthy subjects feel severe chest pain and muscle cramping after strenuous exercise, along with a defect in lactate efflux from muscle. Furthermore, many amino acid differences that are not attributable to polymorphisms are found in MCT1 obtained from muscle tissues in these subj ...
Carbohydrate metabolism
... Fig. 3: Regenerative phase of pentose phosphate pathway. Figure is found on http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/glycolysis.html Some tissues (brain, erythrocytes) are dependent on the constant supply of glucose. When the amount of carbohydrates taken up with the diet is insufficient, the concentra ...
... Fig. 3: Regenerative phase of pentose phosphate pathway. Figure is found on http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/glycolysis.html Some tissues (brain, erythrocytes) are dependent on the constant supply of glucose. When the amount of carbohydrates taken up with the diet is insufficient, the concentra ...
Nausea, Vomiting, and Indigestion
... Pregnancy is the most prevalent endocrinologic cause of nausea, which affects 70% of women in the first trimester. Hyperemesis gravidarum is a severe form of nausea of pregnancy that can produce significant fluid loss and electrolyte disturbances. Uremia, ketoacidosis, and adrenal insufficienc ...
... Pregnancy is the most prevalent endocrinologic cause of nausea, which affects 70% of women in the first trimester. Hyperemesis gravidarum is a severe form of nausea of pregnancy that can produce significant fluid loss and electrolyte disturbances. Uremia, ketoacidosis, and adrenal insufficienc ...
BioInformatics at FSU
... Japan’s GenomeNet KEGG (the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes). Population studies data — which strains, where, etc. And then databases that most biocomputing folk don’t even usually consider: e.g. GIS/GPS/remote sensing data, medical records, census ...
... Japan’s GenomeNet KEGG (the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes). Population studies data — which strains, where, etc. And then databases that most biocomputing folk don’t even usually consider: e.g. GIS/GPS/remote sensing data, medical records, census ...
Document
... is substrate concentration at which rate is equal to Vmax is a characteristic physical property for each different enzyme is independent of [E] if there's more than 1 substrate, then each has its own Km measures "RELATIVE afffinity” of an enzyme for its substrate – one enzyme with 2 substrates wit ...
... is substrate concentration at which rate is equal to Vmax is a characteristic physical property for each different enzyme is independent of [E] if there's more than 1 substrate, then each has its own Km measures "RELATIVE afffinity” of an enzyme for its substrate – one enzyme with 2 substrates wit ...
BCHEM 253 – METABOLISM IN HEALTH AND DISEASES
... D-Glucose is a major fuel for most organisms. D-Glucose metabolism occupies the center position for all metabolic pathways. Glucose contains a great deal of potential energy. The complete oxidation of glucose yields −2,840 kJ/mol of energy. Glucose + 6O 2 → 6CO2 + 6H2 O ΔGo’ = −2,840 kJ/mol ...
... D-Glucose is a major fuel for most organisms. D-Glucose metabolism occupies the center position for all metabolic pathways. Glucose contains a great deal of potential energy. The complete oxidation of glucose yields −2,840 kJ/mol of energy. Glucose + 6O 2 → 6CO2 + 6H2 O ΔGo’ = −2,840 kJ/mol ...
Phylogeny of Firmicutes with special reference to Mycoplasma
... divisions of the Eubacteria were entirely separable. Furthermore, the NJ branching order of the Mollicutes exactly followed the predicted 16S rRNA groupings that were described by Johansson et al. (1998). Of additional interest was the closer relationship of the Mollicutes to the lowG+C non-spore-fo ...
... divisions of the Eubacteria were entirely separable. Furthermore, the NJ branching order of the Mollicutes exactly followed the predicted 16S rRNA groupings that were described by Johansson et al. (1998). Of additional interest was the closer relationship of the Mollicutes to the lowG+C non-spore-fo ...
Enzymology Lectures Year 1 - Emily Flashman`s
... • Fermentation of pharmaceuticals and fine chemical • Useful in synthesis, especially for resolutions / asymmetric reactions, e.g. resolutions by enantiospecific -amino acid acylase • Wide ranging applications in society, e.g. food industry, washing powders • Bioremediation • An understanding of enz ...
... • Fermentation of pharmaceuticals and fine chemical • Useful in synthesis, especially for resolutions / asymmetric reactions, e.g. resolutions by enantiospecific -amino acid acylase • Wide ranging applications in society, e.g. food industry, washing powders • Bioremediation • An understanding of enz ...
PHS 398/2590 (Rev. 06/09) - Cardiovascular Research Training
... G. William Wong is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research at The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Dr. Wong received his Ph.D. degree from Harvard University, working on innate immunity, followed by post-doctoral tra ...
... G. William Wong is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research at The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Dr. Wong received his Ph.D. degree from Harvard University, working on innate immunity, followed by post-doctoral tra ...
acid-base balance review notes
... The acid is more correctly carbonic acid (H2CO3) but the term ‘respiratory acid’ is usually used to mean carbon dioxide. But CO2 itself is not an acid in the Brønsted-Lowry system as it does not contain a hydrogen so cannot be a proton donor. However CO2 can instead be thought of as representing a p ...
... The acid is more correctly carbonic acid (H2CO3) but the term ‘respiratory acid’ is usually used to mean carbon dioxide. But CO2 itself is not an acid in the Brønsted-Lowry system as it does not contain a hydrogen so cannot be a proton donor. However CO2 can instead be thought of as representing a p ...
The Synthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides
... and the catalytic site. The Activity Site turns the enzyme “ON” or “OFF”; the Specificity Site controls which nucleotide will be reduced; and the catalytic site performs the reduction. When the Activity Site is occupied by ATP the enzyme is turned “ON”. When the Activity Site is occupied by deoxy AT ...
... and the catalytic site. The Activity Site turns the enzyme “ON” or “OFF”; the Specificity Site controls which nucleotide will be reduced; and the catalytic site performs the reduction. When the Activity Site is occupied by ATP the enzyme is turned “ON”. When the Activity Site is occupied by deoxy AT ...
PDF full-Text - Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical
... this excipient (a list was supplied). Paclitaxel-related immediate hypersensitivity reactions occur in up to 30% of patients, with this percentage decreasing to under 10% with the administration of antihistamine and corticosteroid premedication [1-3]. Most reactions occur within the first few minute ...
... this excipient (a list was supplied). Paclitaxel-related immediate hypersensitivity reactions occur in up to 30% of patients, with this percentage decreasing to under 10% with the administration of antihistamine and corticosteroid premedication [1-3]. Most reactions occur within the first few minute ...
... Marriage is a lifetime commitment. One has to foresee the next generation. Some individuals do some research by tracing the historical background of their fiancée. One of the reasons is to forecast the inherited traits that could be transferred to their offspring. Some couples may resort to genetic ...
Acute Hypotensive Transfusion Reaction With Concomitant Use of
... Hypotension can be a manifestation of transfusion reactions, including acute hemolysis, bacterial contamination, transfusion-related acute lung injury, and anaphylaxis. In addition to hypotension, these reactions usually present with other characteristic symptoms and signs. In rare cases, hypotensio ...
... Hypotension can be a manifestation of transfusion reactions, including acute hemolysis, bacterial contamination, transfusion-related acute lung injury, and anaphylaxis. In addition to hypotension, these reactions usually present with other characteristic symptoms and signs. In rare cases, hypotensio ...
Are You Getting It??
... Which characteristics are generally part of enzyme-substrate binding? (multiple answers) a) One enzyme can bind many different substrates. b) The substrate binds to many amino acids in the enzyme. c) The substrate forms non-covalent bonds with the enzyme. d) The substrate and active site have comple ...
... Which characteristics are generally part of enzyme-substrate binding? (multiple answers) a) One enzyme can bind many different substrates. b) The substrate binds to many amino acids in the enzyme. c) The substrate forms non-covalent bonds with the enzyme. d) The substrate and active site have comple ...
Metabolic network modelling
Metabolic network reconstruction and simulation allows for an in-depth insight into the molecular mechanisms of a particular organism. In particular, these models correlate the genome with molecular physiology. A reconstruction breaks down metabolic pathways (such as glycolysis and the Citric acid cycle) into their respective reactions and enzymes, and analyzes them within the perspective of the entire network. In simplified terms, a reconstruction collects all of the relevant metabolic information of an organism and compiles it in a mathematical model. Validation and analysis of reconstructions can allow identification of key features of metabolism such as growth yield, resource distribution, network robustness, and gene essentiality. This knowledge can then be applied to create novel biotechnology.In general, the process to build a reconstruction is as follows: Draft a reconstruction Refine the model Convert model into a mathematical/computational representation Evaluate and debug model through experimentation↑