apex predators enable coexistence
... likely to degrade landscapes, plants are less likely to form monocultures, and a disease is less likely to become epidemic [37–39]. Top-down regulation is determined not only by the abundance of predators but also by their size, diet, hunting method, and social stability [5,37,38,40]. Apex predators ...
... likely to degrade landscapes, plants are less likely to form monocultures, and a disease is less likely to become epidemic [37–39]. Top-down regulation is determined not only by the abundance of predators but also by their size, diet, hunting method, and social stability [5,37,38,40]. Apex predators ...
Principles of Ecology
... Neo-Darwinism. It has the following features: 1. Organisms tend to produce more off springs that can be supported by the environment. 2. Mutation (a change in genetic material that results from an error in replication of DNA) causes new genes to arise in a population. Further, in a sexually reproduc ...
... Neo-Darwinism. It has the following features: 1. Organisms tend to produce more off springs that can be supported by the environment. 2. Mutation (a change in genetic material that results from an error in replication of DNA) causes new genes to arise in a population. Further, in a sexually reproduc ...
The Potential Conservation Value of NonNative Species
... reached the conclusion that this perspective was missing in our paper. Finally, we disagree with their statement that “introductions have much more frequently caused loss of biological diversity, ecosystem functions, and ecosystem services . . . ” They base these claims on the Millennium Ecosystem A ...
... reached the conclusion that this perspective was missing in our paper. Finally, we disagree with their statement that “introductions have much more frequently caused loss of biological diversity, ecosystem functions, and ecosystem services . . . ” They base these claims on the Millennium Ecosystem A ...
Two Decades of Homage to Santa Rosalia: Toward a General
... one trophic level to the next. He points out that body size and life history characteristics limit the trophic roles that certain species can play. He notes that the enormous diversity of terrestrial animals, which is much greater than that of aquatic ones, can probably be attributed not only to the ...
... one trophic level to the next. He points out that body size and life history characteristics limit the trophic roles that certain species can play. He notes that the enormous diversity of terrestrial animals, which is much greater than that of aquatic ones, can probably be attributed not only to the ...
Lesson 2
... prevent the spread of disease-causing organisms that can lead to death. • Human populations in some parts of the world are decreasing in size because of factors like disease, drought, and natural disasters. ...
... prevent the spread of disease-causing organisms that can lead to death. • Human populations in some parts of the world are decreasing in size because of factors like disease, drought, and natural disasters. ...
The Real Great Dinosaur Extinction
... growth, and this one was the most significant surge so far. It was prompted primarily by several developments in medicine and public health, which reduced mortality and prolonged life, and the global human population reached 2.5 billion. In the next 36 years, the global population doubled. A last su ...
... growth, and this one was the most significant surge so far. It was prompted primarily by several developments in medicine and public health, which reduced mortality and prolonged life, and the global human population reached 2.5 billion. In the next 36 years, the global population doubled. A last su ...
Coupled Logistic Map for Symbiotic Relations
... A logistic map which describes the population dynamics of a species would be the most famous nonlinear difference equation. The map would have dual significance as an instructive example of the nonlinear dynamics and as an ecological model [1]. In spite of its simple form, it could show us the essen ...
... A logistic map which describes the population dynamics of a species would be the most famous nonlinear difference equation. The map would have dual significance as an instructive example of the nonlinear dynamics and as an ecological model [1]. In spite of its simple form, it could show us the essen ...
extinction2 - Eweb.furman.edu
... biodiversity loss could see 6% of global GDP wiped out as early as 2050. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity executive summary (2010) reports that “over 50% of CEOs surveyed in Latin America and 45% in Africa see declines in biodiversity as a challenge to business growth. In contrast, less ...
... biodiversity loss could see 6% of global GDP wiped out as early as 2050. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity executive summary (2010) reports that “over 50% of CEOs surveyed in Latin America and 45% in Africa see declines in biodiversity as a challenge to business growth. In contrast, less ...
(Introduced) species
... In part because the value of biodiversity and the resulting ecosystem services are poorly understood by a lot of people, nature's “cogs and wheels” are going missing at an alarming rate — on the order of 100 to 1000 times the background rate, estimated from fossil records to be from one to ten speci ...
... In part because the value of biodiversity and the resulting ecosystem services are poorly understood by a lot of people, nature's “cogs and wheels” are going missing at an alarming rate — on the order of 100 to 1000 times the background rate, estimated from fossil records to be from one to ten speci ...
threatened plants of canterbury including a revised species list
... tedious task checking the accuracy of these names and I have not been absolutely thorough in doing this. I have detected some errors, but stress that it is the responsibility of authors to carefully check that their species lists are accurate. Authors also vary in their use or acceptance of recent n ...
... tedious task checking the accuracy of these names and I have not been absolutely thorough in doing this. I have detected some errors, but stress that it is the responsibility of authors to carefully check that their species lists are accurate. Authors also vary in their use or acceptance of recent n ...
Biodiversity and Conservation
... Factors that Threaten Biodiversity The current high rate of extinction is due to the activities of a single species—Homo sapiens. Humans are changing conditions on Earth faster than new traits can evolve to cope with the new conditions. ...
... Factors that Threaten Biodiversity The current high rate of extinction is due to the activities of a single species—Homo sapiens. Humans are changing conditions on Earth faster than new traits can evolve to cope with the new conditions. ...
Fragmentation
... (In other words, make sure you’re comparing apples to apples.) 5. There may be time-lagged effects (“extinction debt”). Epilogue: There are both natural and anthropogenic factors that generate landscape patterns. Anthropogenic factors are not "modern," for humans have been modifying their environmen ...
... (In other words, make sure you’re comparing apples to apples.) 5. There may be time-lagged effects (“extinction debt”). Epilogue: There are both natural and anthropogenic factors that generate landscape patterns. Anthropogenic factors are not "modern," for humans have been modifying their environmen ...
Local Frequency Denpendence and Global
... such as competition for pollinators or mycorrhizae or other mututalistic interactions, may lead to positive frequency dependence. For example, pollinators may prefer to specialize on the most common floral type and therefore be more likely to carry the common pollen on any given visit to a plant. Th ...
... such as competition for pollinators or mycorrhizae or other mututalistic interactions, may lead to positive frequency dependence. For example, pollinators may prefer to specialize on the most common floral type and therefore be more likely to carry the common pollen on any given visit to a plant. Th ...
Conservation genetics in New Zealand
... In New Zealand and elsewhere, an important technique for managing endangered and rare species, particularly those under threat from habitat destruction and predation in their present range, is the establishment of new populations. This may include reintroductions to previously occupied areas, transl ...
... In New Zealand and elsewhere, an important technique for managing endangered and rare species, particularly those under threat from habitat destruction and predation in their present range, is the establishment of new populations. This may include reintroductions to previously occupied areas, transl ...
Mixed effects of habitat fragmentation on species richness and
... Microarthropod habitat fragmentation After relaxation, on the other hand, in addition to the number of habitats and the proportion of species in common between the sub-populations, metapopulation processes such as migration rates between patches and environmental and demographic stochasticity will ...
... Microarthropod habitat fragmentation After relaxation, on the other hand, in addition to the number of habitats and the proportion of species in common between the sub-populations, metapopulation processes such as migration rates between patches and environmental and demographic stochasticity will ...
Unit 1 Notes - heckgrammar.co.uk
... definition, and is still useful, but it can be misleading for determining a phylogeny. It can be difficult to distinguish between homologous structures (which look similar because they arose from a common ancestor, e.g. the pentadactyl limb); and analogous structures (which look similar because they ...
... definition, and is still useful, but it can be misleading for determining a phylogeny. It can be difficult to distinguish between homologous structures (which look similar because they arose from a common ancestor, e.g. the pentadactyl limb); and analogous structures (which look similar because they ...
Chapter 47
... 5. Mice that experience stress such as a food shortage will sometimes abandon their young. Explain how this behavior might have evolved in the context of reproductive trade-offs & life history. (CUES: generation, reproduction, environmental conditions) ...
... 5. Mice that experience stress such as a food shortage will sometimes abandon their young. Explain how this behavior might have evolved in the context of reproductive trade-offs & life history. (CUES: generation, reproduction, environmental conditions) ...
Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Development
... becomes a less interesting place. Each species of bug is, as the great French anthropologists Claude Levistrauss wrote, an irreplaceable treasure, equal to the works of art which we religiously presence in musium." 5 Natural ecosystem, of course, also directly provides people with food and innumerab ...
... becomes a less interesting place. Each species of bug is, as the great French anthropologists Claude Levistrauss wrote, an irreplaceable treasure, equal to the works of art which we religiously presence in musium." 5 Natural ecosystem, of course, also directly provides people with food and innumerab ...
Single Species versus Multiple Species Models: The Economic
... We assume throughout that R1 , R2 > 0 for all relevant levels of x1 , x2 , otherwise the cost of harvest would exceed the revenues and no harvest would occur. Equation (7) reflects the impact of the land control term in the objective function, and is a multiple species version of the result found by ...
... We assume throughout that R1 , R2 > 0 for all relevant levels of x1 , x2 , otherwise the cost of harvest would exceed the revenues and no harvest would occur. Equation (7) reflects the impact of the land control term in the objective function, and is a multiple species version of the result found by ...
English - Convention on Biological Diversity
... This year’s celebration of the World Day to Combat Desertification is of special significance as it coincides with the celebration of the International Year on Deserts and Desertification. The theme chosen for this years’ celebration—the beauty of deserts, the challenge of desertification—is welcome ...
... This year’s celebration of the World Day to Combat Desertification is of special significance as it coincides with the celebration of the International Year on Deserts and Desertification. The theme chosen for this years’ celebration—the beauty of deserts, the challenge of desertification—is welcome ...
Wildlife Conservation
... treatment of cancers such as childhood leukaemia. These products are not only beneficial to individuals today but also to individuals in the future as we learn more about how they can be used and therefore they support the global economy. On an ecosystem level, biodiversity not only provides food fo ...
... treatment of cancers such as childhood leukaemia. These products are not only beneficial to individuals today but also to individuals in the future as we learn more about how they can be used and therefore they support the global economy. On an ecosystem level, biodiversity not only provides food fo ...
Competition - practical ecology
... Competition can intensify when resources are scarce. Competition among plants should increase in nutrient-poor soils. Wilson and Tilman (1993) studied grass plants that were transplanted into fertilized and unfertilized plots. ...
... Competition can intensify when resources are scarce. Competition among plants should increase in nutrient-poor soils. Wilson and Tilman (1993) studied grass plants that were transplanted into fertilized and unfertilized plots. ...
AAAI Proceedings Template - San Francisco State University
... which provide services critical for human life on Earth, is recognized by an increasingly large number of people across the world (Barnosky et al. 2012). Climate change and habitat degradation due to human activity are chief among these challenges (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005). Some immedia ...
... which provide services critical for human life on Earth, is recognized by an increasingly large number of people across the world (Barnosky et al. 2012). Climate change and habitat degradation due to human activity are chief among these challenges (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005). Some immedia ...
Extinction
In biology and ecology, extinction is the end of an organism or of a group of organisms (taxon), normally a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost before this point. Because a species' potential range may be very large, determining this moment is difficult, and is usually done retrospectively. This difficulty leads to phenomena such as Lazarus taxa, where a species presumed extinct abruptly ""reappears"" (typically in the fossil record) after a period of apparent absence.The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.Through evolution, species arise through the process of speciation—where new varieties of organisms arise and thrive when they are able to find and exploit an ecological niche—and species become extinct when they are no longer able to survive in changing conditions or against superior competition. The relationship between animals and their ecological niches has been firmly established. A typical species becomes extinct within 10 million years of its first appearance, although some species, called living fossils, survive with virtually no morphological change for hundreds of millions of years. Mass extinctions are relatively rare events; however, isolated extinctions are quite common. Only recently have extinctions been recorded and scientists have become alarmed at the current high rate of extinctions. Most species that become extinct are never scientifically documented. Some scientists estimate that up to half of presently existing plant and animal species may become extinct by 2100.