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measurement of the figure-of-merit of thermoelectric devices
measurement of the figure-of-merit of thermoelectric devices

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS

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... Energy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems A large number of engineering devices such as water heaters and car radiators involve mass flow in and out of a system, and are modeled as control volumes. Most control volumes are analyzed under steady operating conditions. The term steady means no change wit ...
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... The laws governing the transfer of heat and the type of apparatus that have for their main object the control of heat flow are therefore of great importance. ...
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... motion; this is, really, the realm of Mechanics. We can rather talk of an internal energy that the system has as a result of the numerous micro-processes happening inside it. We do not need to be concerned with the exact nature of these processes, as this would require a deepening of the molecular n ...
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... 2000 kcal (ΔQ = 2000 kcal) from the food when burned in the body. The body does work amounting to 3000 kcal (ΔW = + 3000 kcal). This work takes many forms, mechanical work in terms of body motion, chemical changes in the muscles, and electrical energy in nerve activity. From the first law it follows ...
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... so far, z is the cell elevation and k represents the average hydraulic conductivity of the region between the ith and the ζ th cells. In this study, phase change and associated temperature change is brought about by integrating along a soil freezing curve (SFC). SFCs can be defined because the liqui ...
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... The giant star Betelgeuse emits radiant energy at a rate 104 times greater than our Sun, whereas its surface temperature is only half (2900 K) that of our Sun. Estimate the radius of Betelgeuse, assuming ε = 1 for both. The Sun’s radius is rS = 0.7 Mkm. Answer: ...
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... Petit's law, the atomic heat of an element of constant volume 24. The degeneracy parameter ea satisfies this condition, the gas is said to be 25. RMS speed of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its 26. The RMS speed of gas at 400 K is 27. Which of the following variables co ...
< 1 ... 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 ... 110 >

Thermoregulation

Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different. A thermoconforming organism, by contrast, simply adopts the surrounding temperature as its own body temperature, thus avoiding the need for internal thermoregulation. The internal thermoregulation process is one aspect of homeostasis: a state of dynamic stability in an organism's internal conditions, maintained far from equilibrium with its environment (the study of such processes in zoology has been called physiological or physiological ecology). If the body is unable to maintain a normal temperature and it increases significantly above normal, a condition known as hyperthermia occurs. For humans, this occurs when the body is exposed to constant temperatures of approximately 55 °C (131 °F), and with prolonged exposure (longer than a few hours) at this temperature and up to around 75 °C (167 °F) death is almost inevitable. Humans may also experience lethal hyperthermia when the wet bulb temperature is sustained above 35 °C (95 °F) for six hours. The opposite condition, when body temperature decreases below normal levels, is known as hypothermia.It was not until the introduction of thermometers that any exact data on the temperature of animals could be obtained. It was then found that local differences were present, since heat production and heat loss vary considerably in different parts of the body, although the circulation of the blood tends to bring about a mean temperature of the internal parts. Hence it is important to identify the parts of the body that most closely reflect the temperature of the internal organs. Also, for such results to be comparable, the measurements must be conducted under comparable conditions. The rectum has traditionally been considered to reflect most accurately the temperature of internal parts, or in some cases of sex or species, the vagina, uterus or bladder.Occasionally the temperature of the urine as it leaves the urethra may be of use in measuring body temperature. More often the temperature is taken in the mouth, axilla, ear or groin.Some animals undergo one of various forms of dormancy where the thermoregulation process temporarily allows the body temperature to drop, thereby conserving energy. Examples include hibernating bears and torpor in bats.
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