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UNIT I PART B 1). (i). A spherical balloon of diameter
UNIT I PART B 1). (i). A spherical balloon of diameter

... friction of the piston on the walls is insignificant. The atmospheric pressure is 1.0135 bar. The latch holding the piston in position is suddenly removed and the gas is allowed to expand. The expansion is arrested when the volume is double the original volume. Determine the work done in the surroun ...
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... heat from the low-temperature reservoir (the interior of the refrigerator). The more heat that can be removed per amount of input work, the better (more efficient) the refrigerator is. For a heat pump, COP = QH /W . The objective of the heat pump is to heat (deliver QH ) rather than cool (remove QL ...
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... generation due to a temperature difference between two junctions of a thermoelectric device as defined by the Peltier-Seebeck effect. Thermoelectric devices have been used for temperature regulation by operating as a heat pump to maintain computing devices and integrated circuits at optimum temperat ...
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... measures relating to degree of heat stress. As individuals acclimatize to heat they are able to sweat more and therefore lose more heat. As cooling increases, the heart rate and core temperature will drop. Heat production. The normal human internal temperature ranges from 36–38ºC (37ºC = 98.6ºF). Li ...
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Thermoregulation

Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different. A thermoconforming organism, by contrast, simply adopts the surrounding temperature as its own body temperature, thus avoiding the need for internal thermoregulation. The internal thermoregulation process is one aspect of homeostasis: a state of dynamic stability in an organism's internal conditions, maintained far from equilibrium with its environment (the study of such processes in zoology has been called physiological or physiological ecology). If the body is unable to maintain a normal temperature and it increases significantly above normal, a condition known as hyperthermia occurs. For humans, this occurs when the body is exposed to constant temperatures of approximately 55 °C (131 °F), and with prolonged exposure (longer than a few hours) at this temperature and up to around 75 °C (167 °F) death is almost inevitable. Humans may also experience lethal hyperthermia when the wet bulb temperature is sustained above 35 °C (95 °F) for six hours. The opposite condition, when body temperature decreases below normal levels, is known as hypothermia.It was not until the introduction of thermometers that any exact data on the temperature of animals could be obtained. It was then found that local differences were present, since heat production and heat loss vary considerably in different parts of the body, although the circulation of the blood tends to bring about a mean temperature of the internal parts. Hence it is important to identify the parts of the body that most closely reflect the temperature of the internal organs. Also, for such results to be comparable, the measurements must be conducted under comparable conditions. The rectum has traditionally been considered to reflect most accurately the temperature of internal parts, or in some cases of sex or species, the vagina, uterus or bladder.Occasionally the temperature of the urine as it leaves the urethra may be of use in measuring body temperature. More often the temperature is taken in the mouth, axilla, ear or groin.Some animals undergo one of various forms of dormancy where the thermoregulation process temporarily allows the body temperature to drop, thereby conserving energy. Examples include hibernating bears and torpor in bats.
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