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Cell death pathways and autophagy in the central nervous system
Cell death pathways and autophagy in the central nervous system

... machinery. The mechanisms are not understood fully, but the process seems highly selective and also capable of orchestrating powerful adaptive immune responses [22]. Ubiquitination of bacteria is mediated by autophagy (Atg) and adaptor proteins [35]. Adaptors such as p62 contain binding sites for bo ...
Vaccine Design - Buffalo Ontology Site
Vaccine Design - Buffalo Ontology Site

... VO: Vaccine Ontology • VO: a biomedical ontology in the vaccine domain. • Aims: vaccine data representation and automated reasoning ...
PT-100, a Small Molecule Dipeptidyl Peptidase
PT-100, a Small Molecule Dipeptidyl Peptidase

... digesting type I collagen of the extracellular matrix (16, 17). Rat CD26/DPP-IV has also been reported to possess gelatinase activity (18), and although this activity is seldom attributed to CD26/DPP-IV, the ability of CD26/DPP-IV to form a complex with FAP at invadopodia of migratory fibroblasts ha ...
Metabolic Stress Signaling by the JNK Pathway
Metabolic Stress Signaling by the JNK Pathway

... • ~24 million Americans afflicted (>8%), incidence increasing • Expensive! In 2007- $218B* 1 in 3 Americans born in 2000 are expected to develop • Compared to those without the disease, patients with T2D and T1D see physicians 2.9 and 3.5 diabetes during their lifetime… times more frequently ...
The role of inflammation in cutaneous repair
The role of inflammation in cutaneous repair

... Inflammation is a fundamental component of the normal adult wound healing response occurring even in the absence of infection. It performs many beneficial roles such as the clearing of damaged cells and extracellular matrix (ECM), the removal of pathogens that might otherwise multiply and spread, an ...
Biological basis for the clinical use of interferon
Biological basis for the clinical use of interferon

Phenotypic switching: an opportunity to bacteria thrive
Phenotypic switching: an opportunity to bacteria thrive

... Isolation and microbial identification through colony morphology are still methods of first line used by several laboratories and hospitals. The correlation between bacterial features and colony morphologies is just about unknown, however extremely important. Through colonies macroscopic visualizati ...
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from severe asthmatic
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from severe asthmatic

... blood monocytes that present TLR4/CD14/MD2 receptors --which are efficiently stimulated by LPS, as an important source of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as TNF-␣.22 Previous studies of asthmatic children showed an elevated concentration of this cytokine in bronchoalveolar lavage.23 Our data show no dif ...
Characteristics of Peptide
Characteristics of Peptide

... each gene, and they are polygenic in that there are a number of different MHC genes. Class I MHC molecules consist of an a chain, in complex with b2microglobulin. Class II MHC molecules are composed of two noncovalently associated glycoproteins, the a and b chain, encoded by separate MHC genes. Both ...
Skeletal System
Skeletal System

... Infectious microorganisms that penetrate the epithelial barriers of the body enter the underlying loose connective tissues, where they are attacked by the inflammatory response, by macrophages and finally, by lymphocytes of the immune system Lymphocytes are white blood cells and that each lymphocyte ...
BLOOD COMPONENTS
BLOOD COMPONENTS

... Sit in Crypts or pockets ...
Virus interactions with dendritic cells
Virus interactions with dendritic cells

Kerr_et_al_2013_Anat_and_Phys-_anandamide
Kerr_et_al_2013_Anat_and_Phys-_anandamide

... related N-acylethanolamines, N-palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA). While PEA and OEA do not have activity at CB1/2 receptors, they are capable of enhancing AEA signaling by competing with AEA at the catalytic site on the FAAH enzyme. All elements of the endocannabinoid system ...
Survival strategies of inside the human macrophage Mycobacterium tuberculosis Amanda Welin
Survival strategies of inside the human macrophage Mycobacterium tuberculosis Amanda Welin

... well as phagosomal acidification. However, we found no correlation between controlled bacterial growth and the translocation of late endosomal membrane proteins to the phagosome, showing that these markers are poor indicators of phagosomal functionality. Furthermore, we discovered that infection of ...
Anti-Aging Benefits of Bovine Colostrum
Anti-Aging Benefits of Bovine Colostrum

... of blood glucose and ketones, as well as reduce cholesterol and triglycerides, all of which may cause complications in Type 2 diabetic patients. Individuals with Type 2 diabetes appear to have a higher risk of eventually developing Alzheimer’s disease. Recent research identified amylin deposits in t ...
HMGB1-promoted and TLR2/4-dependent NK cell maturation and
HMGB1-promoted and TLR2/4-dependent NK cell maturation and

... Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, 430030 Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, 430030 ...
Eradication and Cure of HIV - School of Biomedical Sciences
Eradication and Cure of HIV - School of Biomedical Sciences

... of residual HIV DNA detectable off cART. HIV antibodies declined and no infectious HIV could be recovered from culturing large numbers of cells. However, recent data shows that HIV rebounded 27 months later and cART was re-initiated.9 The case suggests that, at least in some cases, very early initia ...
Pathology of Lung Transplantation
Pathology of Lung Transplantation

... • Cytomegalovirus infection • Other lung infections (RSV, parainfluenza, influenza, adenovirus, rhinovirus) • Chemical injury from aspiration with gastroesophageal reflux disease ...
Apoptotic Debris Accumulates on Hematopoietic Cells and
Apoptotic Debris Accumulates on Hematopoietic Cells and

... (26). This indicates that activation of the immune system through FcgRs on hematopoietic cells, rather than the deposits of IgG-IC in the kidney, is important in lupus nephritis. Studies also show that IgG-ICs promote autoantibody secretion in a TLR-dependent manner, and they contribute to immune re ...
Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity
Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity

... • Second stage—inactive B cell develops into activated B cell – Initiated by inactive B cell’s contact with antigens, which bind to its surface antibodies, plus signal chemicals from T cells – Activated B cell, by dividing repeatedly, forms two clones of cells—plasma (effector) cells and memory cell ...
IMMUNE EVASION BY STAPHYLOCOCCI
IMMUNE EVASION BY STAPHYLOCOCCI

... Figure 1 | Pathways for complement activation. a | The classical pathway is initiated by the binding of the C1 complex to antibodies that are bound to antigens on the surface of bacteria. The C1 complex consists of C1q and two molecules each of C1r and C1s. The binding of the recognition subcomponen ...
Candida albicans morphogenesis and host defence
Candida albicans morphogenesis and host defence

... that are covalently associated with proteins to form glycoproteins. The expression of CWPs is highly regulated during the yeast-to-hypha transition, and genes encoding hypha-specific proteins such as Hwp1, Hyr1 and Als3 are amongst the most highly upregulated genes during this switch12-1415, 16. Cyt ...
Innate immune responses to gut microbiota differ between oceanic
Innate immune responses to gut microbiota differ between oceanic

... employed null mutations of genes involved in major signaling pathways required for host-microbe interactions (Frantz et al., 2012; Larsson et al., 2012; Vijay-Kumar et al., 2010), or ablation of whole populations of immune cells (Kawamoto et al., 2014). Although these manipulations result in drasti ...
Thymus Gland - Spirit of Health
Thymus Gland - Spirit of Health

... within the first week, it will die. Unlike in humans, there is no placental transfer of antibodies in ...
Recruitment of regulatory T cells is correlated with hypoxia
Recruitment of regulatory T cells is correlated with hypoxia

... Sydney, Australia. Of the 621 tumours, 594 tumours had tissue available for tissue microarray (TMA) construction, of which 491 tumours were available for FOXP3 staining due to core drop-out. A subset of these tumours (254 cases) was also stained for CXCL12. ...
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Immunomics

Immunomics is the study of immune system regulation and response to pathogens using genome-wide approaches. With the rise of genomic and proteomic technologies, scientists have been able to visualize biological networks and infer interrelationships between genes and/or proteins; recently, these technologies have been used to help better understand how the immune system functions and how it is regulated. Two thirds of the genome is active in one or more immune cell types and less than 1% of genes are uniquely expressed in a given type of cell. Therefore, it is critical that the expression patterns of these immune cell types be deciphered in the context of a network, and not as an individual, so that their roles be correctly characterized and related to one another. Defects of the immune system such as autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency, and malignancies can benefit from genomic insights on pathological processes. For example, analyzing the systematic variation of gene expression can relate these patterns with specific diseases and gene networks important for immune functions.Traditionally, scientists studying the immune system have had to search for antigens on an individual basis and identify the protein sequence of these antigens (“epitopes”) that would stimulate an immune response. This procedure required that antigens be isolated from whole cells, digested into smaller fragments, and tested against T- and B-cells to observe T- and B- cell responses. These classical approaches could only visualize this system as a static condition and required a large amount of time and labor.Immunomics has made this approach easier by its ability to look at the immune system as a whole and characterize it as a dynamic model. It has revealed that some of the immune system’s most distinguishing features are the continuous motility, turnover, and plasticity of its constituent cells. In addition, current genomic technologies, like microarrays, can capture immune system gene expression over time and can trace interactions of microorganisms with cells of the innate immune system. New, proteomic approaches, including T-cell and B-cells-epitope mapping, can also accelerate the pace at which scientists discover antibody-antigen relationships.
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