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Complex splicing in the human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) family
Complex splicing in the human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) family

... HTLV-1, -2, -3, -4. According to phylogenetic analyses, almost all HTLVs (except HTLV-4, [1]) have a simian counterpart [2,3]. HTLV-1 is an oncovirus responsible for a peculiar type of leukemia called Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), as well as for a neurological disease named HTLV-I Associate ...
MUCOSAL IMMUNITY IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT: INTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS
MUCOSAL IMMUNITY IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT: INTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS

... enormous variety of inhaled pathogens. Therefore, induction of immune responses in the respiratory tract is crucial for protection against respiratory diseases. One of the pathogens infecting the host via the respiratory tract is Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. The reported efficacy of the currently use ...
Inflammation 5
Inflammation 5

... Lymphocytes and Plasma Cells • Lymphocytes and macrophages interact in a bidirectional way, and these interactions play an important role in chronic inflammation • Activated T lymphocytes produce cytokines, including IFN-γ, a powerful activator of macrophages, ...
Biochemical Transformation of Mouse Cells by Variceila
Biochemical Transformation of Mouse Cells by Variceila

... Chromosome analyses. Forty-eight h cultures of HEF, Ltk- cells and the transformed cell lines L(K)cl 1 (passaged 35 times) and L(O)cl 3 (passaged 48 times), were used for the chromosome analysis. Cells were arrested at metaphase by addition of colcemid to a final concentration of 0.1 Ftg/ml. After t ...
Blood clot - Jordan High School
Blood clot - Jordan High School

... elevated numbers in a person producing large amounts of circulating antibodies to combat a virus? ...
Down-regulation of miR-302c and miR
Down-regulation of miR-302c and miR

... cells against malignant cells (Ljunggren, 2008; Obeidy & Sharland, 2009; Tsuboi et al, 2011). Ligands that bind NKG2D receptors include major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I chain-related proteins A and B (MICA/B) and unique long 16 (UL16)-binding proteins 1 through 6 (ULBP1-6) (Brandt et a ...
Literature Review on Biological Effects of Gyejibokryeong
Literature Review on Biological Effects of Gyejibokryeong

... secretions in patients with endometriosis are considered as candidates for the autoantigens responsible for the immune response42). IgM is also immunodominant in the sera of endometrial patient and the serum levels of IgG, IgA as well as IgM are increased in endometriosis43,44). Impaired Th immune r ...
- Wiley Online Library
- Wiley Online Library

... by overpowering the host immune response. To prevent this, the immune system orchestrates a number of mechanisms, which include the innate and adaptive arms of the immune response, specifically directed to providing clearance and resistance to unwanted pathogens. This system requires potent regulato ...
New advances in the pathogenesis and treatment of ITP 2014 ASH
New advances in the pathogenesis and treatment of ITP 2014 ASH

... Steroid therapy and CD8 Tregs • Results – Steroids injection is effective at rescuing platelet counts in both passive and active ITP mouse model. – CD8+ T cell depletion leads less responsiveness to DEX treatment. – The CD8 Tregs populations ( CD8+CD25+Foxp3+, CD8+CD103+, CD8+CD122+ and CD8+CD28-) ...
CELL  SURFACE ENZYMES IN CONTROL OF LEUKOCYTE
CELL SURFACE ENZYMES IN CONTROL OF LEUKOCYTE

... Lymphocytes continuously circulate between the blood and lymphoid organs, and they, together with other types of leukocyte (such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes), rapidly accumulate at sites of inflammation anywhere in the body1,2. Leukocyte trafficking is coordinated by sequential int ...
Mucosal Vaccines: Prevention of Caries and Periodontal Diseases
Mucosal Vaccines: Prevention of Caries and Periodontal Diseases

... Block adherence of microorganism to host Facilitate clearance from host Neutralize toxin Must induce recognition of “virulence” epitopes Must be immunogenic Must not induce autoimmune disease Should induce long-lasting immunity Must induce the type of response that is effective to eliminate pathogen ...


... Keywords: Antigen-presenting cells dendritic cells pleural effusion Received: July 31 1995 Accepted after revision October 31 1996 This work was supported by the Italian National Research Council. ...
Immunological and antimicrobial molecules in human tears: a
Immunological and antimicrobial molecules in human tears: a

... a family of TLR proteins on corneal epithelial cells. To date ten functional human TLRs have been identified,30 each with their own unique function. TLRs play an important role in the ocular surface immune response to pathogens. TLR activation activates the innate immune system by means of the produ ...
Inhibition of Normal B-Cell Function by Human
Inhibition of Normal B-Cell Function by Human

... have been demonstrated in asymptomatic HIV-seronegative individuals."6 Several investigators, including ourselves, have suggested that soluble viral products of HIV can impair normal immune We have previously demonstrated that a whole-virus protein extract of HIV',' and purified HIV envelope glycopr ...
Natural killer cell receptors: new biology and
Natural killer cell receptors: new biology and

... receptor/ligand signals with the net result of NK cell activation and target cell lysis. This net result may occur when activation receptors and ligands are up-regulated, thereby amplifying the net activation signal to exceed the inhibitory signal. For example, the activating ligands MICA/B and ULBP ...
IFN-γ-STIMULATED TRYPTOPHAN DEGRADATION BY
IFN-γ-STIMULATED TRYPTOPHAN DEGRADATION BY

... The results for tryptophan degradation showed that this amino acid was used more by hematopoietic CD34+ progenitor cells – purified and enriched, when they were cultured in RC. The lower tryptophan concentrations measured in the culture medium corresponded to a higher number of hematopoietic colonie ...
IOSR Journal of Mathematics (IOSR-JM)
IOSR Journal of Mathematics (IOSR-JM)

... The use of drugs to suppress replication of the HIV has transformed the face of AIDS in the developed world. Pronounced reductions in illness and death have been achieved and healthcare utilization has diminished. HIV therapy has also provided many new insights into the pathogenesis and cellular dyn ...
Pathogenic antibodies to coagulation factors. Part one: Factor VIII
Pathogenic antibodies to coagulation factors. Part one: Factor VIII

... group of cells that reside in immature form in all peripheral tissues, including the spleen [15]. Immature DCs undergo a constitutive macropinocytosis that allows uptake of up to half their cell volume in extracellular fluid per hour, providing an efficient mechanism for non-specific internalization of ...
complement - Micro-Rao
complement - Micro-Rao

... serum at 56oC for 30 minutes destroys complement’s activity. Serum complement levels, especially C3, often drop during infection as complement is activated faster than it is produced. Several complement proteins are zymogens (proenzymes). When activated, they become proteases that cut peptide bonds ...
Immune control of mammalian gamma- herpesviruses: lessons from
Immune control of mammalian gamma- herpesviruses: lessons from

... impact of M2-based vaccination (Usherwood et al., 2001). K3 mRNA is detectable in latently infected germinal centre B cells, and K3 could therefore protect B cells directly against CD8+ T cell attack. However, like most transacting herpesvirus evasion genes, K3 is predominantly a ...
Therapeutic MAbs: Saving Lives and Making Billions Monoclonal
Therapeutic MAbs: Saving Lives and Making Billions Monoclonal

1 Modeling cancer as a complex adaptive system: Genetic instability
1 Modeling cancer as a complex adaptive system: Genetic instability

1. What is the lymphatic system and what are its functions? 2. Detail
1. What is the lymphatic system and what are its functions? 2. Detail

... What is the alimentary canal? What moves through it and how is that movement accomplished? (be specific) How are carbohydrates digested? Proteins? Fats? Where are each (carbs, proteins, and fats) absorbed? What are the functions of the liver? What is bile and how does it function? Compare and contra ...
Relative Contributions of NK and CD8 T
Relative Contributions of NK and CD8 T

... of IFN-␥ in response to IL-12 and IL-18, which is produced during the LM infection. Other studies have suggested a protective role for NK cells during the innate immune response to LM infection, once again citing their ability to rapidly secrete IFN-␥ (22, 33). Therefore, our first set of experiment ...
Immune System
Immune System

... b. We have million of B-cells and each one produces a different antibody, which will bind to a different antigen (one B-cell, one antigen). c. B-cells display the antibody they make (~100,000 of them) on their surface as an antigen receptor and wait in the lymph system and spleen for an antigen that ...
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Immunomics

Immunomics is the study of immune system regulation and response to pathogens using genome-wide approaches. With the rise of genomic and proteomic technologies, scientists have been able to visualize biological networks and infer interrelationships between genes and/or proteins; recently, these technologies have been used to help better understand how the immune system functions and how it is regulated. Two thirds of the genome is active in one or more immune cell types and less than 1% of genes are uniquely expressed in a given type of cell. Therefore, it is critical that the expression patterns of these immune cell types be deciphered in the context of a network, and not as an individual, so that their roles be correctly characterized and related to one another. Defects of the immune system such as autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency, and malignancies can benefit from genomic insights on pathological processes. For example, analyzing the systematic variation of gene expression can relate these patterns with specific diseases and gene networks important for immune functions.Traditionally, scientists studying the immune system have had to search for antigens on an individual basis and identify the protein sequence of these antigens (“epitopes”) that would stimulate an immune response. This procedure required that antigens be isolated from whole cells, digested into smaller fragments, and tested against T- and B-cells to observe T- and B- cell responses. These classical approaches could only visualize this system as a static condition and required a large amount of time and labor.Immunomics has made this approach easier by its ability to look at the immune system as a whole and characterize it as a dynamic model. It has revealed that some of the immune system’s most distinguishing features are the continuous motility, turnover, and plasticity of its constituent cells. In addition, current genomic technologies, like microarrays, can capture immune system gene expression over time and can trace interactions of microorganisms with cells of the innate immune system. New, proteomic approaches, including T-cell and B-cells-epitope mapping, can also accelerate the pace at which scientists discover antibody-antigen relationships.
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